tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-64452307719856409722024-03-21T18:40:43.160-07:00Arab-Palestinian and Israel ConflictAnonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03548930328958735839noreply@blogger.comBlogger165125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6445230771985640972.post-37521056652334395512015-09-25T17:30:00.001-07:002015-09-25T17:30:06.725-07:00Israel must be steadfast in protecting its people and their rights r10 - YJ Draiman<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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<b><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial; font-size: 20pt;">Israel</span></b><b><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial; font-size: 20pt;"> </span></b><b><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial; font-size: 20pt;">must be steadfast in protecting its people and their rights </span></b><b><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial; font-size: 8pt;">r10</span></b><b><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial; font-size: 20pt;">. </span></b><span style="color: #444444; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 9pt;"></span></div>
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<span style="color: navy; font-family: Arial; font-size: 16pt;">Many nations and people continue to question </span><span style="color: navy; font-family: Arial; font-size: 16pt;">Israel</span><span style="color: navy; font-family: Arial; font-size: 16pt;">’s control of its Ancestral, and internationally guaranteed liberated territory. (See: the Faisal Weitzman agreement of 1919}</span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 9pt;"></span></div>
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<span style="color: navy; font-family: Arial; font-size: 16pt;">It seems too convenient no one is mentioning the historical fact Arab countries had terrorized and expelled about a million Jewish families and their children from their countries. Moreover, it seems forgotten the Arabs illegally confiscated all Jewish assets, businesses, homes and over 120,000 sq. km of Real estate property. (Hitler would have been proud). </span></div>
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<span style="color: navy; font-family: Arial; font-size: 16pt;">Like the American Indian “Trail Of Tears”, many of the Jews terrorized and forcefully ejected from Arab countries died due to hardship, famine and starvation during their effort to get to </span><span style="color: navy; font-family: Arial; font-size: 16pt;">Israel</span><span style="color: navy; font-family: Arial; font-size: 16pt;">. More importantly, it cannot be ignored many of the expelled Jewish families had lived in the Arab countries for over 2,500 years. Longer in fact than the very Arabs who were expelling them. Most of the expelled Jewish people, their children, and families were resettled in Greater Israel and today account for over half the population of </span><span style="color: navy; font-family: Arial; font-size: 16pt;">Israel</span><span style="color: navy; font-family: Arial; font-size: 16pt;">.</span></div>
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<span style="color: navy; font-family: Arial; font-size: 16pt;">The Homes and Land the Arab countries confiscated from the Jewish people totaled approximately 120,440 sq. km., or 75,000 sq. miles; which is over 6 times the size of </span><span style="color: navy; font-family: Arial; font-size: 16pt;">Israel</span><span style="color: navy; font-family: Arial; font-size: 16pt;">. The value of the confiscated land and homes today would be worth trillions of dollars. </span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 9pt;"></span></div>
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<span style="color: navy; font-family: Arial; font-size: 16pt;">During the 2,600 plus years the Jewish people and their children lived in Arab countries they suffered Pogroms, Libel claims, beatings, beheadings, false imprisonment and extreme hardship as second class citizens. Jews had their businesses, homes, and houses of worship pillaged and burned. Their wives and daughters were raped, Arabs sold them as slaves, and Jews were forced to either convert to Islam or be murdered.</span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 9pt;"></span></div>
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<span style="color: navy; font-family: Arial; font-size: 16pt;">The Arabs received over 5 million square miles of territory after WWI, which contained a tremendous resource of oil reserves. History proves </span><span style="color: navy; font-family: Arial; font-size: 16pt;">Israel</span><span style="color: navy; font-family: Arial; font-size: 16pt;"> </span><span style="color: navy; font-family: Arial; font-size: 16pt;">territory extended all the way up to </span><span style="color: navy; font-family: Arial; font-size: 16pt;">Iraq</span><span style="color: navy; font-family: Arial; font-size: 16pt;">, which would make the land and all those oil reserves belonging to the Jewish people. Yet, Arab nations are no longer satisfied with the gift of land and oil to which they never had legal claim. Now, Arab nation are demanding more land and more compensation.</span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 9pt;"></span></div>
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<span style="color: navy; font-family: Arial; font-size: 16pt;">Furthermore, the Arab countries are not satisfied with having once terrorized and chased away the million Jewish families and their children. Now, the Arab countries want to chase Jews away from their own ancestral and historical land. (You have murdered them and now you expect to inherit their assets).</span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 9pt;"></span></div>
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<span style="color: navy; font-family: Arial; font-size: 16pt;">Israel</span><span style="color: navy; font-family: Arial; font-size: 16pt;"> </span><span style="color: navy; font-family: Arial; font-size: 16pt;">must respond with extreme force to any and all violent demonstration and terror. </span><span style="color: navy; font-family: Arial; font-size: 16pt;">Israel</span><span style="color: navy; font-family: Arial; font-size: 16pt;">'s population is entitled to, and must have peace and tranquility without intimidation by anyone, at any cost.</span></div>
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<span style="color: navy; font-family: Arial; font-size: 16pt;">The Jewish people have suffered enough in the Diaspora for over the past 2,400 years. It is time for the Jewish people to live as free people in their own land without terror and violence.</span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 9pt;"></span></div>
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<span style="color: navy; font-family: Arial; font-size: 16pt;">It is long overdue and about time to consider and realize that the only realistic solution for a peaceful coexistence in </span><span style="color: navy; font-family: Arial; font-size: 16pt;">Israel</span><span style="color: navy; font-family: Arial; font-size: 16pt;"> is a population transfer of the Arab-Palestinians. It is time to transfer said “Palestinians” to the territories the Arab nations confiscated from the Jewish people. Also considered to receive said “Palestinians” should be </span><span style="color: navy; font-family: Arial; font-size: 16pt;">Jordan</span><span style="color: navy; font-family: Arial; font-size: 16pt;"> which originally was Jewish territory and illegally given 78% of the 120,000 sq. km. Jewish territory to the Arabs as a new state. </span></div>
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<span style="color: navy; font-family: Arial; font-size: 16pt;">It is time, nay, past time to settle this dispute once and for all. Instead of utilizing all the financial aid and resources for conflict and terror, the financial aid and resources must be used for relocation, housing and new industry. In so doing, the “Palestinians” will realize a boost in their standard of living and be able to finally stabilize their lives, thus benefiting the host countries as well. Many Arab leaders have suggested these solutions for many years. </span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 9pt;"></span></div>
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<span style="color: navy; font-family: Arial; font-size: 16pt;">YJ Draiman</span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 9pt;"></span></div>
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<b><span style="color: #20124d; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 18pt;">No Jew has the right to yield the rights of the Jewish People in Israel - David Ben Gurion</span></b><span style="color: #20124d; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 18pt;"><br /><br />No Jew has the right to yield the rights of<br />the Jewish People in Israel -<br />David Ben Gurion<br />(David Ben-Gurion was the first Prime Minister of Israel and widely hailed as<br />the State's main founder).<br />"No Jew has the right to yield the rights<br />of the Jewish People in </span><span style="color: #20124d; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 18pt;">Israel</span><span style="color: #20124d; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 18pt;">.<br />No Jew has the authority to do so.<br />No Jewish body has the authority to do so.<br />Not even the entire Jewish People alive today<br />has the right to yield any part of </span><span style="color: #20124d; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 18pt;">Israel</span><span style="color: #20124d; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 18pt;">.<br />It is the right of the Jewish People over the generations, a right that under<br />no conditions can be cancelled.<br />Even if Jews during a specific period proclaim<br />they are relinquishing this right, they have neither the power nor the<br />authority to deny it to future generations.<br />No concession of this type is binding or<br />obligates the Jewish People. Our right to the country - the entire country -<br />exists as an eternal right, and we shall not yield this historic right until<br />its full and complete redemption is realized."<br />(David Ben Gurion, Zionist Congress, Basel,<br />Switzerland, 1937.)<br />"No country in the world exists today by<br />virtue of its 'right'.<br />All countries exist today by virtue of their<br />ability to defend themselves against those who seek their destruction."<br />“Man can live about forty days without food,<br />about three days without water, about eight minutes without air, but only for<br />one second without hope”</span></div>
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Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03548930328958735839noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6445230771985640972.post-60479934864809287922015-08-31T22:59:00.005-07:002015-08-31T22:59:57.309-07:00Why Was a Nazi Flag Flying from a Jerusalem Hotel FAST in the 1930's? - Jerusalem Pearl Hotel - Draiman<br />
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<span style="color: blue;">Why Was a Nazi Flag Flying from a Jerusalem Hotel FAST in the 1930's? - Jerusalem Pearl Hotel - Draiman</span></h3>
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Why Was a Nazi Flag Flying from a Jerusalem Hotel FAST in the 1930's? - Jerusalem Pearl Hotel - Draiman</h3>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEibVf3uNYXi4UZlckU_ABWQdjOf6Sv9CUvIrB3NLusm6Y70ItLjYr-KDkNVTyj8jjHIpqwz2kibA0ENg8dnejtcHkGUgNobnm3PnJIY30Qxyb7W6Jo_xOpRZNR5xOaaOi_AdCZX7oC1pUOT/s1600/Jerusalem+Pearl+11.png" imageanchor="1" style="color: #888888; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-decoration: none;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEibVf3uNYXi4UZlckU_ABWQdjOf6Sv9CUvIrB3NLusm6Y70ItLjYr-KDkNVTyj8jjHIpqwz2kibA0ENg8dnejtcHkGUgNobnm3PnJIY30Qxyb7W6Jo_xOpRZNR5xOaaOi_AdCZX7oC1pUOT/s1600/Jerusalem+Pearl+11.png" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 1px solid rgb(238, 238, 238); box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.0980392) 1px 1px 5px; padding: 5px; position: relative;" /></a></div>
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<b style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><a href="http://feedproxy.google.com/~r/IsraelsHistory-APictureADaybeta/~3/R9-VEpVnsWQ/why-was-nazi-flag-flying-from-jerusalem.html?utm_source=feedburner&utm_medium=email" style="color: #888888; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: blue;">Why Was a Nazi Flag Flying from a Jerusalem </span><span style="color: red;">Hotel FAST</span><span style="color: blue;"> in the 1930's?</span></span></a></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: red;">It was replaced by The Jerusalem Pearl Hotel in 1995 by the Draiman family. </span><span style="color: #20124d;">See picture at the bottom.</span></span></b></div>
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<span style="color: #20124d;"><span style="font-size: large;">Posted: 30 Aug 2015 11:11 AM PDT</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">We <a href="http://www.israeldailypicture.com/2015/08/a-major-19th-century-photo-collection.html" style="color: #1155cc; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">recently published</a> pictures from the British Library's<span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"> <a href="http://eap.bl.uk/database/overview_item.a4d?catId=196125;r=6334" style="color: #009eb8; display: inline; line-height: 15.68px; outline: none; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">Endangered Archives Program</a><span style="color: #333333;"><span style="line-height: 15.68px;">, </span></span></span>including this incredible picture of Jaffa Gate of Jerusalem's Old City which we have dated to the mid-1890's. Only in 1898 was the wall near Jaffa Gate breached so that carriages could drive into the city.</span></div>
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<tr><td style="font-family: arial, sans-serif; margin: 0px; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi02xRGo0kYWwuphFTeFu3kzBhVWntnntTIFx5_XzZZUF5QUdz6ZVsSoU6_h5b9RHpY3ND7E_dZMHe4iRC-WM69oxO_yTzm77Fd5i4yJVyhIUlZXVYB7JLcdVizWO53qlupRKDg0DPOULu1/s1600/BL+Bonfils+Jaffa+Gate.jpg" style="clear: right; color: #1155cc; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank"><img border="0" class="CToWUd" height="512" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi02xRGo0kYWwuphFTeFu3kzBhVWntnntTIFx5_XzZZUF5QUdz6ZVsSoU6_h5b9RHpY3ND7E_dZMHe4iRC-WM69oxO_yTzm77Fd5i4yJVyhIUlZXVYB7JLcdVizWO53qlupRKDg0DPOULu1/s640/BL+Bonfils+Jaffa+Gate.jpg" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 1px solid rgb(238, 238, 238); box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.0980392) 1px 1px 5px; padding: 5px; position: relative;" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td style="font-family: arial, sans-serif; margin: 0px; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><a href="http://eap.bl.uk/database/overview_item.a4d?catId=196374;r=24464" style="color: #1155cc; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">Jaffa Gate</a> <span style="color: #20124d;">and A(braham) </span><span style="color: red;">Fast's restaurant.</span></span><span style="color: #20124d;"> <span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="line-height: 12.544px;">(</span><em style="line-height: 12.544px;">Debbas Collection, British Library</em><span style="line-height: 12.544px;">)</span></span></span></td></tr>
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<br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="color: #20124d;">We wanted to know more about the store on the left with the sign </span><span style="color: red;"><b>"A Fast. Restauranteur."</b></span><span style="color: #20124d;"> Was this a tourist establishment of Abraham Fast, who in 1907 took over a large hotel several hundred meters to the west of the building pictured above and renamed it </span><b><span style="color: red;">"Hotel Fast?"</span></b></span><br /><br /><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="float: left; font-size: 13px; margin-right: 1em;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="font-family: arial, sans-serif; margin: 0px; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg23DRlD4nTBtO5Fkx7hnRKcfG2l8T-qnl8mqqYv0oanULNyaJkiSY0dbByXLGrsDZaIS1x8R5ZI5ijfVnZF_s4Ap5cE1op2oiKHPe381-VVJGN2jxHiOHkzBT9XTWG9Rdj2aM5LkAu8IwT/s1600/German+march+good+Friday+1.jpg" style="clear: right; color: #1155cc; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank"><img border="0" class="CToWUd" height="253" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg23DRlD4nTBtO5Fkx7hnRKcfG2l8T-qnl8mqqYv0oanULNyaJkiSY0dbByXLGrsDZaIS1x8R5ZI5ijfVnZF_s4Ap5cE1op2oiKHPe381-VVJGN2jxHiOHkzBT9XTWG9Rdj2aM5LkAu8IwT/s400/German+march+good+Friday+1.jpg" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 1px solid rgb(238, 238, 238); box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.0980392) 1px 1px 5px; padding: 5px; position: relative;" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td style="font-family: arial, sans-serif; margin: 0px; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><a href="http://www.iwm.org.uk/collections/item/object/205082094" style="color: #1155cc; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">German troops</a> marching in Jerusalem on Good Friday, </span><br /><br /><br /><br /><span style="font-size: x-small;"><b><span style="color: red;">April 6, 1917. The </span></b><b><span style="color: red;">building on the left is<br />the Fast Hotel. (<i>Imperial War Museum, UK</i>)</span></b></span></td><td style="font-family: arial, sans-serif; margin: 0px; text-align: center;"><br /></td></tr>
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<span style="color: #20124d; font-size: 13.2px;">It was a leading hotel with 100 rooms, built around a court yard with Ionic, Corinthian and Doric columns.</span><br /><br /><b style="font-size: 13.2px;"><span style="color: red;">Hotel Fast and its kosher restaurant </span></b><span style="color: #20124d; font-size: 13.2px;">was a well-known establishment in Jerusalem for decades, and was probably considered by many to be a Jewish-owned establishment because of its Jewish clientele.</span><br /><span style="color: #20124d; font-size: 13.2px;">Nothing could be further from the truth. </span><span style="color: red; font-size: 13.2px;">The Fasts were German Templers.</span><br /><br /><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="float: left; font-size: 13px; margin-right: 1em;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="font-family: arial, sans-serif; margin: 0px; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjTNS64WgQ8zyEDvHxDyBdYmzNvVo7YfXZX_RwcKTaPIrKmVTyoQ_P1Mw502IT5Sz2YaqIo-M7Zq0XxOlqWzF62a6w1d4gMsNaB1MUpIzITT_SIvxzHY4YpDz9RuHZN71PP7PCteMlcMeil/s1600/Hotel+Fast+with+swastika.jpg" style="clear: right; color: #1155cc; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank"><img border="0" class="CToWUd" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjTNS64WgQ8zyEDvHxDyBdYmzNvVo7YfXZX_RwcKTaPIrKmVTyoQ_P1Mw502IT5Sz2YaqIo-M7Zq0XxOlqWzF62a6w1d4gMsNaB1MUpIzITT_SIvxzHY4YpDz9RuHZN71PP7PCteMlcMeil/s400/Hotel+Fast+with+swastika.jpg" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 1px solid rgb(238, 238, 238); box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.0980392) 1px 1px 5px; padding: 5px; position: relative;" width="388" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td style="font-family: arial, sans-serif; margin: 0px; text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><br />The <a href="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/43/Swastika_flag_in_Jerusalem.jpg" style="color: #1155cc; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">German consulate</a> <span style="color: red;">in the Fast Hotel, 1933.</span><br />(<i>Wikimedia, </i><i>Tamar Hayardeni</i>)</span></b></td><td style="font-family: arial, sans-serif; margin: 0px; text-align: center;"><br /></td><td style="font-family: arial, sans-serif; margin: 0px; text-align: center;"><br /></td><td style="font-family: arial, sans-serif; margin: 0px; text-align: center;"><br /></td><td style="font-family: arial, sans-serif; margin: 0px; text-align: center;"><br /></td><td style="font-family: arial, sans-serif; margin: 0px; text-align: center;"><br /></td></tr>
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<br /><br /><span style="color: #20124d; font-size: 13.2px;">They lived in Jerusalem's German Colony and were exiled by the British after World War I and during World War II because of their support for Germany.</span><br /><br /><span style="color: #20124d; font-size: 13.2px;">We recently uncovered pictures of German troops marching in Jerusalem streets on Good Friday 1917. Readers were able to identify the building on the left as the </span><b style="font-size: 13.2px;"><span style="color: red;">Fast Hotel.</span></b><br /><br /><span style="color: #20124d; font-size: 13.2px;">Our biggest surprise was finding this picture of the German consulate in </span><b style="font-size: 13.2px;"><span style="color: red;">the Hotel Fast</span></b><span style="color: #20124d; font-size: 13.2px;"> with the German Swastika flag flying from the building. </span><br /><br /><br /><span style="color: #20124d; font-size: 13.2px;">During World War II, the hotel was taken over by the British army command and turned into the Australian army club. </span><br /><br /><br /><br /><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="font-size: 13px; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="font-family: arial, sans-serif; margin: 0px; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgbwGgj6Wc2hipjG5xqWwxtBNpVhtdwMEQchIYH0xpouec19ax0HqkE6JQ1UOA6lmI2YbrrxllYxk1Utu627CPM5-M_4g9vWciEu3HyWw_F3EQB_bR51lP9YWFXRA0-DfBFIyDEZk8uMNAx/s1600/aussies+at+mystery+building.png" style="clear: right; color: #1155cc; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank"><img border="0" class="CToWUd" height="452" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgbwGgj6Wc2hipjG5xqWwxtBNpVhtdwMEQchIYH0xpouec19ax0HqkE6JQ1UOA6lmI2YbrrxllYxk1Utu627CPM5-M_4g9vWciEu3HyWw_F3EQB_bR51lP9YWFXRA0-DfBFIyDEZk8uMNAx/s640/aussies+at+mystery+building.png" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 1px solid rgb(238, 238, 238); box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.0980392) 1px 1px 5px; padding: 5px; position: relative;" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td style="font-family: arial, sans-serif; margin: 0px; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span style="line-height: 24.75px; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="color: red; font-size: small;"><br />The Hotel Fast housed</span></b><span style="font-size: xx-small;"> </span><a href="http://www.loc.gov/pictures/item/mpc2010006449/PP/" style="color: #1155cc; font-size: medium; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">Australian soldiers</a><span style="font-size: xx-small;"> <span style="color: #20124d;">in World War II. </span></span></span><span style="color: #20124d;"><span style="font-size: xx-small; text-align: justify;"> </span><span style="font-size: xx-small; text-align: justify;">H</span><span style="font-size: xx-small; text-align: justify;">ere they are</span><span style="font-size: xx-small;"> greeting the Australian </span></span></span><span style="color: #20124d;"><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: xx-small;">Prime Minister Robert Menzies and the commander of the Australian troops in Australia, </span><br /><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: xx-small;">Lt. Gen. Thomas Blamey in<span style="text-align: justify;"> </span>February 1941. The Matson Photo Service, shown on the ground </span><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: xx-small;">floor, was run by Eric Matson, originally </span><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: xx-small;">from the American Colony Photographic Department. </span><br /><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: xx-small;"> Matson left Palestine in </span><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: xx-small;">1946 for the United States. His collection of photos were </span><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: xx-small;">bequeathed to the Library </span><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: xx-small;">of Congress where many of the pictures in this </span><br /><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: xx-small;">website were found. (<i style="line-height: 12.544px;">Library of Congress</i></span><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: xx-small; line-height: 12.544px;">) </span></span><br /><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="color: #333333; line-height: 12.544px;"><br /></span></span><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="color: #333333; line-height: 12.544px;"><br /></span></span></td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 13.2px;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b><span style="color: red;">The </span><span style="color: blue;">Hotel Fast</span><span style="color: red;"> building was abandoned in 1967 and torn down in 1976 to make way for the </span><span style="color: blue;">Dan Pearl Hotel </span><span style="color: red;">- Built by the Draiman family in 1995.</span></b></span></span></div>
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<span class="post-author vcard" style="margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 1em;">Posted by <span class="fn" itemprop="author" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"><a class="g-profile" data-gapiattached="true" data-gapiscan="true" data-onload="true" href="https://plus.google.com/111014255577201929075" rel="author" style="color: #888888; text-decoration: none;" title="author profile"><span itemprop="name">Yj Draiman</span> </a></span></span><span class="post-timestamp" style="margin-left: -1em; margin-right: 1em;">at <a class="timestamp-link" href="http://mandatfforpalestineakaisrael.blogspot.com/2015/08/why-was-nazi-flag-flying-from-jerusalem.html" rel="bookmark" style="color: #888888; text-decoration: none;" title="permanent link"><abbr class="published" itemprop="datePublished" style="border: none;" title="2015-08-31T13:27:00-07:00">1:27 PM</abbr></a> </span></div>
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Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03548930328958735839noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6445230771985640972.post-75196170686679031632015-08-30T03:27:00.001-07:002015-08-30T03:27:10.970-07:00 Arabs expelled the Jews from all their Countries – Confiscated their assets including land - YJ Draiman<br />
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Arabs expelled the Jews from all their Countries – Confiscated their assets including land</h1>
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MORE IN THIS BLOG</h5>
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<li style="border-bottom-color: rgb(201, 201, 201); border-bottom-style: dotted; border-width: 0px 0px 1px; clear: both; float: left; font-family: inherit; font-size: 1.3em; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 21.125px; margin: 7px 0px 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px 0px 5px; vertical-align: baseline; width: 140px;"><a href="http://blogs.timesofisrael.com/it-takes-more-guts-courage-to-make-peace-than-to-make-war/" style="border: 0px; color: #bd0d1d; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;" target="_blank">It takes more guts (courage) to make peace than to make war</a></li>
<li style="border-bottom-color: rgb(201, 201, 201); border-bottom-style: dotted; border-width: 0px 0px 1px; clear: both; float: left; font-family: inherit; font-size: 1.3em; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 21.125px; margin: 7px 0px 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px 0px 5px; vertical-align: baseline; width: 140px;"><a href="http://blogs.timesofisrael.com/peace-and-coexistence-between-israel-and-its-arab-neighbors-would-be-a-dream-come-true/" style="border: 0px; color: #bd0d1d; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;" target="_blank">Peace and coexistence between Israel and its Arab neighbors would be a dream come true!</a></li>
<li style="border-bottom-color: rgb(201, 201, 201); border-bottom-style: dotted; border-width: 0px 0px 1px; clear: both; float: left; font-family: inherit; font-size: 1.3em; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 21.125px; margin: 7px 0px 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px 0px 5px; vertical-align: baseline; width: 140px;"><a href="http://blogs.timesofisrael.com/re-israel-to-whom-it-may-concern-in-europe-asia-the-us-and-elsewhere/" style="border: 0px; color: #bd0d1d; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;" target="_blank">Re: Israel – To whom it may concern in Europe, Asia, the US and elsewhere:</a></li>
<li style="border-bottom-color: rgb(201, 201, 201); border-bottom-style: dotted; border-width: 0px 0px 1px; clear: both; float: left; font-family: inherit; font-size: 1.3em; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 21.125px; margin: 7px 0px 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px 0px 5px; vertical-align: baseline; width: 140px;"><a href="http://blogs.timesofisrael.com/the-consequences-of-appeasement/" style="border: 0px; color: #bd0d1d; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;" target="_blank">The Consequences of Appeasement</a></li>
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The Jewish exodus from Arab lands refers to the 20th century persecution and expulsion or mass forced departure of Jews, primarily of Sephardi and Mizrahi background, from Arab and Islamic countries. The forced migration started in the late 19th century, but accelerated after the 1948 Arab-Israeli War. According to official Arab statistics, over 995,000 Jews and their families were forced out of their homes in Arab countries from 1946 until the mid 1970’s. Some 670,000 resettled in Israel, forced to leave behind the Arab confiscated the Jewish personal property, businesses, homes and 120,400 sq. km. of Real estate property 6 times the size of Israel valued today in the trillions of dollars.<br /><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 1.5em; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 1.5em; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit;">The campaign to sheds light on a little-discussed aspect of the Israeli-Arab conflict: In the wake of the War of Independence and the establishment of Israel, two major population movements took place in the Middle East. The one that is frequently mentioned is the Palestinian exodus, but at the same time almost one million Jews were forced to leave Arab countries where they had lived for over 2,500 years. According to official Arab statistics, due to persecution and violence, some 995,000 Jews and their families were forced to leave those Arab countries from 1948 to the mid of the 1970’s, and about 670,000 of them were absorbed in Israel. For the sake of comparison, the United Nations data estimate the original population of Arab-Palestinian refugees at 585,000.</span></div>
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Because we had no home for nearly two thousand years, Israel made itself independent of its Arab-British oppressors in 1948. In that year, another great Jewish Exodus occurred, leading to a large increase in the population of Israel and the decimation by the Arabs of some of the oldest Jewish communities on earth.</div>
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Jews have lived in the countries now occupied by Arabs since the destruction of the first Temple in 586 B.C.E. Yet, the descendants of these original inhabitants of so many Middle Eastern lands were driven out of their ancestral homes by the religious bigotry and racial animosity of the Arab invaders.</div>
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In 1945 there were more than 995,000 Jews and their families living in Arabic speaking countries. Today, there are less than 6,000. Some Arab states like Libya are completely judenrein, i.e., cleansed of Jews, as the Arabs’ best friend, Hitler, liked to say.</div>
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About 670,000 of these Jews were absorbed by Israel. Another 360,000 went to Europe, America or <wbr></wbr>Australia. Evidently, then, the refugee problem in the Middle East consists of the failure of the Arab states to compensate these 995,000 Jewish refugees for the property and assets they were forced to leave behind.</div>
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Examples are Iraq, which once had a Jewish population of 197,000 and now only has less than one hundred Jews left. A good number of Jews left Egypt in 1948. Egypt is the country where Yasser Arafat was born (Arafat is an Egyptian. His real name is Husseinei). There were 91,000 Jews in Egypt in 1948. Yet, in connection with the Egyptian aggression of 1957, more than 27,300 Jews were forced to leave Egypt. Today, the Jewish community in Egypt amounts to only 180. These Jews were forced to leave assets of $200 billion, for which they should now be compensated.</div>
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There are no Jews in Algeria today. That country is also Judenrein. In 1948 there were 190,000 Jews in Algeria. In Morocco, which was the home of 298,000 Jews before 1948, there are today only 5,700 Jews. Similar decimation occurred in Syria, Tunisia, Yemen and other Arab states. The governments of the these countries forcibly expelled all Jews, who then increased the Israeli population. These Jews from Arab countries consist today over half the population of Israel. From the Arab point of view that was indeed as stupid a policy as the Arab incitement of the Russian population against the Jews in that country. That anti-Jewish campaign by the Arab agitators led to the arrival in Israel of over a million Russian Jews. Many of the Jews were engineers and scientists of the first order. This helped Israel a great deal. Now the Arabs are making life miserable for the Jews of France and Belgium. There are over 790,000 Jews in France. If the Arabs keep up their attacks on these European Jews then Israel will again absorb a large contingent of Jews forced to flee from France (and Belgium).</div>
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The Jewish exodus from the Arab lands was dramatic. Many Jews fled on foot and died on the way while others were rescued by “Operation Magic Carpet.” This consisted of bringing 58,000 Yemeni Jews to Israel by plane.</div>
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It is evident, therefore, that the “refugee problem” in Israel consists of the failure of the Arabs to pay compensation to the one million Jews and their families who were forcefuly and violently driven out of their homelands by the Arab hate mongers.<br />And There were riots prior to Israel existing. Simply wounding or killing Jews because there was a chance that Israel would exist.</div>
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Go on . Tell me that 6 Times the land of Israel taken from Jews in Arab countries plus personal assets, businesses and homes and Jewish-owned real-estate forced to leave behind in Arab lands has been estimated at 120,000 square kilometers or 75,000 sq. miles (six times the size of the State of Israel). Valued today in the trillions of dollars isn’t “Abusing ” them . Its just your regular old nationalizing right? No racial hatred at all I am sure. Not to mention they were productive citizens who had no interest in moving to Palestine-Israel or they would have already done so (and wouldn’t have been so wealthy)</div>
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“If you can’t get rid of the skeleton in your closet, you’d best teach it to dance.” – George Bernard Shaw (1856-1950)</div>
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Text of Law drafted by Political Committee of Arab League</div>
<ol style="border: 0px; clear: both; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; list-style-position: outside; margin: 0px 0px 14px; outline: none; padding: 0px 0px 0px 15px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<li style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: 1.5em; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: 26.25px; margin: 0px 0px 0.5em; outline: none; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Beginning with November 28, 1947, all Jewish citizens of (Name of Arab Country) will be considered as members of the Jewish minority State of Palestine and will have to register with the authorities of the region wherein they reside, giving their names, the exact number of members in their families, their addresses, the names of their banks and the amounts of their deposits in these banks. This formality is to be accomplished within seven days.</li>
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<li style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: 1.5em; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: 26.25px; margin: 0px 0px 0.5em; outline: none; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Beginning with (November 28, 1947), bank accounts of Jews will be frozen. These funds will be utilized in part or in full to finance the movement of resistance to Zionist ambitions in Palestine.</li>
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<ol start="3" style="border: 0px; clear: both; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; list-style-position: outside; margin: 0px 0px 14px; outline: none; padding: 0px 0px 0px 15px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<li style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: 1.5em; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: 26.25px; margin: 0px 0px 0.5em; outline: none; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Beginning with (November 28, 1947), only Jews who are subjects of foreign countries will be considered as “neutrals”. These will be compelled either to return to their countries, with a minimum of delay, or be considered as Arabs and obliged to accept active service with the Arab army.</li>
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<li style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: 1.5em; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: 26.25px; margin: 0px 0px 0.5em; outline: none; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Jews who accept active service in Arab armies or place themselves at the disposal of those armies, will be considered as “Arabs”.</li>
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<ol start="5" style="border: 0px; clear: both; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; list-style-position: outside; margin: 0px 0px 14px; outline: none; padding: 0px 0px 0px 15px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<li style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: 1.5em; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: 26.25px; margin: 0px 0px 0.5em; outline: none; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Every Jew whose activities reveal that he is an active Zionist will be considered as a political prisoner and will be interned in places specifically designated for that purpose by police authorities or by the Government. His financial resources, instead of being frozen, will be confiscated.</li>
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<ol start="6" style="border: 0px; clear: both; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; list-style-position: outside; margin: 0px 0px 14px; outline: none; padding: 0px 0px 0px 15px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<li style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: 1.5em; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: 26.25px; margin: 0px 0px 0.5em; outline: none; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Any Jew who will be able to prove that his activities are anti-Zionist will be free to act as he likes, provided that he declares his readiness to join the Arab armies.</li>
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<ol start="7" style="border: 0px; clear: both; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; list-style-position: outside; margin: 0px 0px 14px; outline: none; padding: 0px 0px 0px 15px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<li style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: 1.5em; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: 26.25px; margin: 0px 0px 0.5em; outline: none; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">The foregoing (para.6) does not mean that those Jews will not be submitted to paragraphs 1 and 2 of this law.</li>
<li style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: 1.5em; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: 26.25px; margin: 0px 0px 0.5em; outline: none; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">It is time to balance and remedy the tragedies of the Jews and the Arab-Palestinians and stop the hostilities.</li>
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Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03548930328958735839noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6445230771985640972.post-81341182499558114622015-08-19T18:02:00.001-07:002015-08-19T18:02:18.577-07:00Chronology, Photos and Maps of Islamic Spain (Al-Andalus) - Muslim Spain 711 - c1232 - 1492<br />
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<b><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial;">Chronology, Photos and Maps of Islamic Spain</span></b></div>
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<b><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial;">(Al-Andalus)</span></b></div>
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<b><span style="color: #ffcc00; font-family: Arial;">CORDOBA - THE GREAT MOSQUE</span></b></div>
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<b><span style="color: #ffcc00; font-family: Arial;">(and a cathedral)</span></b></div>
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<b><span style="color: white; font-family: Arial;"><a href="http://www.paradoxplace.com/Photo%20Pages/Spain/Spain_History/Al-Andalus_Chronology.htm"><span style="color: #ffcc00; font-size: medium;">Link to Al-Andalus Chronology 711 - c1232 - 1492</span></a></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="color: white; font-family: Arial; font-size: large;"><a href="http://www.paradoxplace.com/Photo%20Pages/Spain/Andalucia/Andalucia.htm"><span style="color: #ffcc00;">Andalucia Photo & History Gallery Links</span></a></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="color: white; font-family: Arial;">The logistics of a visit to now little town of Cordoba from our Andalusian base at Carmona could not have been easier. As soon as you cross the river there is a convenient car park by the walls of the old Porta Sevilla, looked after by the usual helpful villainous looking Romany car space finder and (in our experience reliable) custodio. Then it's just a quiet stroll through the attractive streets to the Mosque. There are not even many people around until you close in on the coach dumping ground close to the Mosque. Inside the great building the early crowds thin dramatically as American lunch time and tight tour schedules call (Cordoba is not a tour company overnighter), and by 2 the mosque is almost empty - time for serious photography. </span></b></div>
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<b><span style="color: white; font-family: Arial;">Then after 3 it's time to enjoy another great Spanish luxury - the late lunch (without tourists). For the second time in Spain the Dom risked a restaurant next to the main event (José Garcia Marín's "<a href="http://www.elcaballorojo.com/"><span style="color: red;">El Caballo Rojo</span></a>" -The Red Horse), and for the second time it worked brilliantly - an aperitif of cold dry sherry, cold white garlic soup (a superior cousin of gazpacho - made with ground almonds, bread and ?? as well as lots of garlic - and one of the gastronomic discoveries of the trip), a local dry white wine, and melt in your mouth poached fish. The sort of day that would make anyone want to be a Paradox.</span></b></div>
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<b><span style="color: white; font-family: Arial;">If we were to revisit Andalucia we would spend 2 or three nights in Cordoba - there is more to experience and enjoy than can be done in a day trip.</span></b></div>
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<b><span style="color: white; font-family: Arial;"><a href="http://www.paradoxplace.com/Photo%20Pages/Spain/Spain_History/Al-Andalus_Chronology.htm#Muslim_Spain"><span style="color: white;">784 AD, and Abd al-Ramin I</span></a> gets going with the first phase of the Great Mosque of Cordoba, using columns, capitals and bases recycled from the previous site occupant, the Visigoth Church of San Vincente, and the ruins of other Visigothic and Roman buildings. As most of these components were different sizes, their incorporation into what comes across as a coherent whole, was in itself a major major architectural achievement. For example, look at the way the bases on the columns above have been adjusted for height, or how the capital further below is clearly not sitting on the column it started its life with.</span></b></div>
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<b><span style="color: white; font-family: Arial;">The need for height and lightness is achieved through the equally brilliant idea of double arches. Just how critical the height is to the space's aesthetic is apparent when you go through to the "new" (= late 900s) al-Mansur part which superficially looks the same but feels more cramped because it is a foot or two less high. Some of the double arches like those in the middle ground below are semi circle above over circle (horse-shoe), whereas others are semicircle above semicircle (see top photo), again designed around the requirements dictated by the recycled columns et al.</span></b></div>
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<b><span style="color: white; font-family: Arial;">Today this is one of the oldest places of worship still intact, and it was so big that even the decision by the medieval church to build a large cathedral in the middle of it has not destroyed it's essential feel.</span></b></div>
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<b><span style="color: white; font-family: Arial;">A closer look at how each footing / column / capital / arch structure had to be individually designed with appropriate spacers / joins to accommodate whatever recycled material was being used. </span></b></div>
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<b><span style="color: white; font-family: Arial;">From the orange treed courtyard, the cathedral structure - parachuted into the middle of the mosque - becomes more apparent, but inside it can be ignored, so large is the unaffected section of the columned mosque.</span></b></div>
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<b><span style="color: white; font-family: Arial;">On the north side of the courtyard, a few modifications and height extensions converted a minaret into a bell tower. After his sack of <a href="http://www.paradoxplace.com/Photo%20Pages/Spain/Camino_de_Santiago/Compostela/Compostela.htm"><span style="color: white;">Santiago de Compostela</span></a> in 997, Al-Mansur had had Christian slaves carry the <span style="color: white;">cathedral bells from Compostela</span> to the <span style="color: white;">Great Mosque of Cordoba. 240 years later, in 1236, </span></span></b><span style="color: white; font-family: Arial;"><b><a href="http://www.paradoxplace.com/Perspectives/Chronologies/Genealogies/Spanish_Monarchs/Spanish%20Monarchs.htm"><span style="color: white;">Fernando III ("The Saint"), King of León and Castile</span></a> (1198 - 1217 (King of Castile) - 1230 (King of León) - 1252 (54)) had Muslim slaves carry the bells back to Santiago after he captured Cordoba.</b></span></div>
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<span style="color: white; font-family: Arial;"><b>The western facade gives one some idea of the size of the space inside. There are also some attractive features on the East wall - which we will get to, along with the ghetto, when we stay overnight in Cordoba one day. </b></span></div>
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<i><span style="color: white; font-family: Arial;"><b><a href="http://www.sacred-destinations.com/spain/cordoba-mezquita.htm"><span style="color: white;">See more detailed description plus an aerial photo in Sacred Destinations</span></a>.</b></span></i></div>
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<b><span style="color: white; font-family: Arial;">For other Paradoxplace links visit the <a href="http://www.paradoxplace.com/index.htm"><span style="color: white;">home page</span></a></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="background-color: white; color: #20124d; font-family: Arial;">After the collapse of the Roman Empire, the Vandals (briefly) then the Visigoths fill the vacuum left on the Iberian peninsular. Visigoth King Leovigildo establishes his court in <a href="http://www.paradoxplace.com/Photo%20Pages/Spain/Central_Spain/Toledo/Toledo.htm">Toledo</a> in 569, and in 589 Toledo becomes the political and religious capital of Hispania, after the abandonment of Arianism and conversion to Catholicism by the Visigoth king Recaredo.</span></b></div>
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<b><span style="background-color: white; color: #20124d; font-family: Arial;">The Visigoth administrations are generally shambolic and riven with intrigue (and indeed there are only a couple of hundred thousand Visigoths around anyway compared to a few million Hispano-Romans), and they only survive for just over a hundred years before a competitor higher up the organizational food chain arrives in 711. The Visigoths do, however, leave the world the architectural legacy of the horseshoe arch and the intellectual legacies of the encyclopaedias of <a href="http://www.paradoxplace.com/Photo%20Pages/Spain/Spain_History/Medieval_Spain_Philosophers.htm">San Isidoro</a>.</span></b></div>
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<b><span style="background-color: white; color: #20124d; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-large;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="Muslim_Spain">Muslim Spain</a> 711 - c1232 - 1492 (only Nasrid Grenada from c1232)</span></b></div>
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<b><span style="background-color: white; color: #20124d; font-family: Arial;">711</span></b></div>
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<b><span style="background-color: white; color: #20124d; font-family: Arial;">Berber Tarik-ibn-Zeyad crosses the straits of Gibraltar (jabal Tariq - the mountain of Tariq) into Iberia and, meeting no effective resistance, heads north and ends up taking over the Visigoth capital of Toledo.</span></b></div>
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<b><span style="background-color: white; color: #20124d; font-family: Arial;">732</span></b></div>
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<b><span style="background-color: white; color: #20124d; font-family: Arial;">A larger force of Arabs joins in and within a few years (around 719) Arabs and Berbers are rampaging overland through the West of France. They suffer a big defeat at the hands of Duke Odo of Aquitaine near Toulouse in 721, but even this does not stop their advance into central France. Some even get as far as Burgundy (<a href="http://www.paradoxplace.com/Photo%20Pages/France/Burgundy%20Champagne/Autun/Autun.htm">Autun to be exact, which fell to Umayyad forces on 22 August 725</a>). But they eventually have the misfortune to encounter <a href="http://www.paradoxplace.com/Photo%20Pages/France/France_History/French_Saints_&_Kings.htm#Charles_Martel">Charles Martel, the most competent and ruthless of the Frankish / French commanders</a> (and grandfather of the Emperor Charlemagne the Great), who establishes his authority in a series of skirmishes in the area between Tours and Poitiers in 732 (called the Battle of Poitiers if you came from Aquitaine, or the Battle of Tours if you were a Frank, but either way it was not the big set piece battle it is often portrayed as) and then further south, after which the Muslim threat fades away back across the Pyrenees into Al-Andalus.</span></b></div>
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<b><span style="background-color: white; color: #20124d; font-family: Arial;">c718 - 737</span></b></div>
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<b><span style="background-color: white; color: #20124d; font-family: Arial;">Pelayo - first King of the <a href="http://www.paradoxplace.com/Photo%20Pages/Spain/Spain_History/Al-Andalus_Chronology.htm#maps">Asturias</a> is elected by the tribes-people of the Asturias and Visigoths who had escaped Tariq. His victory over the Moors at Covadonga sometime between 718 and 725 marks the beginnings of Christian resistance to the Moorish conquerors. Alfonso I (King of the Asturias 739 - 757 and the first of numerous Alfonsos to King the Spanish Kingdoms) was Pelayo's son-in-law. Rebellious frictions between Berbers and Moors in 740 enable Alfonso to expand the frontiers of his fledgling Kingdom into Galicia and León.</span></b></div>
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<b><span style="background-color: white; color: #20124d; font-family: Arial;">755</span></b></div>
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<b><span style="background-color: white; color: #20124d; font-family: Arial;">Back in Damascus, the Umayyads fall victims to a palace coup by the Abbasids, who take over the Muslim world and set up capital in Baghdad, which they soon make into the happening world glittering court.</span></b></div>
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<b><span style="background-color: white; color: #20124d; font-family: Arial;">756</span></b></div>
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<b><span style="background-color: white; color: #20124d; font-family: Arial;">Just one member of the otherwise exterminated Umayyad "royal family" escapes to Spain, where he settles in Cordoba, proclaims himself Emir Abd al-Ramin I ( ? - 756 - 788), and welds together (until he dies anyway) the disparate Arab (Moor) and Berber forces into the Kingdom of al-Andalus, aka the Emirate of Cordoba.</span></b></div>
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<b><span style="background-color: white; color: #20124d; font-family: Arial;">777</span></b></div>
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<b><span style="background-color: white; color: #20124d; font-family: Arial;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="Song of Roland">The</a> Baghdad based Abbasid Caliph pays the <a href="http://www.paradoxplace.com/Perspectives/Chronologies/Part%201%20World%20of%20Middle%20Ages.htm#Charlemagne">Emperor Charlemagne</a> to invade Spain. The Emperor's nephew Roland unsuccessfully lays siege to Zaragoza, then sacks the Basque town of Pamplona before retreating messily through the Roncesvalles Pass on 15 Aug 778, where he gets taken apart by angry Basques (not Moors as several accounts tell you) - a battle which gives rise to the famous epic "<a href="http://www.paradoxplace.com/Books/Montages/Books%20from%20Middle%20Ages%201.htm">Song of Roland</a>" some 300 years later.</span></b></div>
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<b><span style="background-color: white; color: #20124d; font-family: Arial;">784</span></b></div>
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<b><span style="background-color: white; color: #20124d; font-family: Arial;">Abd al-Ramin I gets going with the first phase of the <a href="http://www.paradoxplace.com/Photo%20Pages/Spain/Andalucia/Cordoba/Cordoba.htm">Great Mosque of Cordoba</a>, using columns, capitals and bases recycled from the previous site occupant, the Visigoth Church of San Vincente, and the ruins of other Visigoth and Roman buildings. Today <a href="http://www.paradoxplace.com/Photo%20Pages/Spain/Andalucia/Cordoba/Cordoba.htm">this beautiful space</a> is one of the oldest European places of worship still intact.</span></b></div>
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<b><span style="background-color: white; color: #20124d; font-family: Arial;">844</span></b></div>
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<b><span style="background-color: white; color: #20124d; font-family: Arial;">Vikings start attacking ports down the Atlantic coast, and eventually round the bottom of Spain and reach Seville where they are beaten up big time by the local Muslim forces and retire, never to return.</span></b></div>
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<b><span style="background-color: white; color: #20124d; font-family: Arial;">929</span></b></div>
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<b><span style="background-color: white; color: #20124d; font-family: Arial;">Abd al-Ramin III (912 - 929 - 961 (49)) takes over what is by now the glittering court of Europe and declares <a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="Cordoba">Cordoba</a> a Caliphate, naturally with his good self as Caliph. There are now 3 Caliphs in the Moslem world.</span></b></div>
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<b><span style="background-color: white; color: #20124d; font-family: Arial;">976 - 1002</span></b></div>
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<b><span style="background-color: white; color: #20124d; font-family: Arial;">Abd al-Ramin's son, Caliph Al-Hakam II, dies in 976, and the awful Arab <a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="Al-Mansur">Al-Mansur</a> (c938 - 1002 (64)) takes over as regent for the child Caliph Hisham II. All hell breaks loose across the Christian north and east of the Iberian Peninsula as Al-Mansur locks up young Hisham in the new Palace of Al-Medina and takes to the road. During the course of some 57 military campaigns (that's about 2 a year) he destroys (like burns to the ground), among other things, Barcelona (985), <a href="http://www.paradoxplace.com/Photo%20Pages/Spain/Camino_de_Santiago/Compostela/Compostela.htm">Santiago de Compostela</a> (997), <a href="http://www.paradoxplace.com/Photo%20Pages/Spain/Camino_de_Santiago/Leon/Leon.htm">Leon</a>, and numerous churches, abbeys and monasteries. This counterproductively (for him) leads the disparate Christian Kingdoms to unite, and eventually his army is crushed in 1002 by a coalition of Christian forces at the Battle of Calatañazor. Mansur, unable to resist the temptation of destroying the <a href="http://www.paradoxplace.com/Photo%20Pages/Spain/Camino_de_Santiago/San_Millan/San_Millan.htm">monastery of San Millán de la Cogolla</a> whilst retreating home, is wounded and dies. </span></b></div>
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<b><span style="background-color: white; color: #20124d; font-family: Arial;">And that's basically it for the Umayyads of Al-Andalus - the dynasty finally dies out in 1031.</span></b></div>
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<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="color: #20124d;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial;">Postscript story: After the sack of <a href="http://www.paradoxplace.com/Photo%20Pages/Spain/Camino_de_Santiago/Compostela/Compostela.htm">Santiago de Compostela</a> in 997, Al-Mansur had had relays of Christian slaves carry the cathedral bells to the <a href="http://www.paradoxplace.com/Photo%20Pages/Spain/Andalucia/Cordoba/Cordoba.htm">Great Mosque of Cordoba</a>. </span></b><span style="font-family: Arial;"><b><a href="http://www.paradoxplace.com/Perspectives/Chronologies/Genealogies/Spanish_Monarchs/Spanish%20Monarchs.htm">Fernando III, King of León and Castile</a> ("The Saint" 1198 - 1217 (King of Castile) - 1230 (King of León) - 1252 (54)) had Muslim slaves carry the bells back to Santiago </b></span><b><span style="font-family: Arial;">in 1236</span></b><span style="font-family: Arial;"><b> after he recaptured Cordoba. Fernando was a great-grandson of <a href="http://www.paradoxplace.com/Perspectives/Chronologies/Part%201%20World%20of%20Middle%20Ages.htm#Eleanor_of_Aquitaine">Eleanor of Aquitaine</a> through his mother Berenguela and her mother <a href="http://www.paradoxplace.com/Perspectives/Chronologies/Genealogies/English_Monarchs/Norman_Plantagenet/Norman_Plantagenet.htm#Matilda Leonora Joan">Queen Leonora, one of t</a><a href="http://www.paradoxplace.com/Perspectives/Chronologies/Genealogies/English_Monarchs/Norman_Plantagenet/Norman_Plantagenet.htm">he Plantagenet Kids</a>.</b></span></span></span></div>
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<b><span style="background-color: white; color: #20124d; font-family: Arial;">1040</span></b></div>
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<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="color: #20124d;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial;">Rodrigo</span></b><span style="font-family: Arial;"> <b>Díaz de Vivar (c. 1040 – 1099 (59)), aka el Cid Campeador or just el Cid, starts off in the Royal Court of Castile but is later exiled and goes mercenary - generalling for both Christian and Moors until finally capturing and ruling Valencia until his death in 1099. On the way he generates material for the first great Spanish epic poem (El Cantar del Mio Cid (1140)), and numerous writers, poets, composers and film producers over the next thousand years. You will hear that officially el Cid's tomb is in <a href="http://www.paradoxplace.com/Photo%20Pages/Spain/Camino_de_Santiago/Burgos/Cathedral/Burgos_Cathedral.htm">Burgos Cathedral</a> (and indeed his and Mrs Cid's bones were moved there in the 1920s), but make sure to see the much earlier and more interesting (and now boneless) </b></span><b><span style="font-family: Arial;">sarcophagus in the Benedictine (now Cistercian) </span></b><b><span style="font-family: Arial;"><a href="http://www.paradoxplace.com/Photo%20Pages/Spain/Camino_de_Santiago/Burgos/SPedro_Gardina/SPedra_Gardina.htm">Abbey of San Pedro de Gardina</a>, just outside Burgos.</span></b></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial;"><i><b><a href="http://www.caminodelcid.org/Default.aspx"><span style="background-color: white; color: #20124d;">If you want to avoid the main Camino crowds, there is now a Camino del Cid which heads south from Burgos.</span></a></b></i></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt;"><b><span style="color: #20124d;"><i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Cid">Link to Wikipedia page on el Cid</a></i>.</span></b></span></div>
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<b><span style="background-color: white; color: #20124d; font-family: Arial;">1085</span></b></div>
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<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="color: #20124d;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial;">Moorish </span></b><b><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt;">Toledo falls to the forces of </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">the <a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="Reconquista">Reconquista</a> led by </span><span style="font-family: Arial;"><a href="http://www.paradoxplace.com/Perspectives/Chronologies/Genealogies/Spanish_Monarchs/Spanish%20Monarchs.htm#Early Spanish Kings">King Alfonso VI of León and Castile</a>.</span></b></span></span></div>
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<b><span style="background-color: white; color: #20124d; font-family: Arial;">1099</span></b></div>
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<b><span style="background-color: white; color: #20124d; font-family: Arial;">As the first <a href="http://www.paradoxplace.com/Insights/Crusades/Crusades.htm">Crusaders</a> take over Jerusalem, the whole of Muslim Spain has fragmented into warlordships - known as Taifa Kingdoms. One of the most important of these is based on Seville (Isbilya), and it is said that the embroidered lining of the St Isidore reliquary casket which Seville gave to <a href="http://www.paradoxplace.com/Photo%20Pages/Spain/Camino_de_Santiago/Leon/San_Isidoro/San_Isidoro.htm">King Ferdinand I's new monastery in León</a> in the mid 1000s, is made from the mantle of Isbalyan ruler al-Mutadid (ruler 1042 - 1068). </span></b></div>
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<b><span style="background-color: white; color: #20124d; font-family: Arial;">Christian Kingdoms of the north and east have taken advantage of this disunity to speed up the roll-back of the borders of Al-Andalus. The arrival of a new (austere Muslim) player - the Almoravids - gets Muslim Spain back into a sort of order for 100 years, then yet another group - the (more austere) Almohads, takes over until the early 1200s, by which time the borders of Al-Andalus have shrunk even further.</span></b></div>
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<b><span style="background-color: white; color: #20124d; font-family: Arial;">1147</span></b></div>
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<b><span style="background-color: white; color: #20124d; font-family: Arial;">Alfonso Henriques breaks from Leon and Castile, proclaims the establishment of an independent Portugal with himself as King, and sweeps south capturing Santarem and then laying siege to and capturing Lisbon with the help of a crusader fleet. As a token of thanks for the victory at Santarem, the new King gives a large amount of land and money for the establishment of a daughter house of Saint Bernard's Cistercian Abbey of Clairvaux - to become the magnificent Cistercian Abbey of <a href="http://www.paradoxplace.com/Photo%20Pages/Portugal/Alcobaca/Alcobaca.htm">Santa Maria de Alcobaça</a>.</span></b></div>
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<b><span style="background-color: white; color: #20124d; font-family: Arial;">1232</span></b></div>
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<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="color: #20124d;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial;">The last Muslim group to gain power is the Nasrid family. By this time the Arab presence is on its way to being pushed back by "</span></b><span style="font-family: Arial;"><b>La Reconquista" - </b></span><b><span style="font-family: Arial;">the forces of the Christian Monarchs - to the Kingdom of Granada. Seville falls in 1248, but the Nasrids manage to wheel and deal another 260 years of co-existence, and though they are an irrelevant civilization by comparison with the Cordoba Caliphate, they do bequeath to the world the glory of the <a href="http://www.paradoxplace.com/Photo%20Pages/Spain/Andalucia/Granada/Alhambra/Alhambra.htm">Nasrid Palaces</a><a href="http://www.paradoxplace.com/Photo%20Pages/Spain/Andalucia/Granada/Alhambra/Alhambra.htm"> on the Alhambra in Granada</a>. </span></b></span></span></div>
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<b><span style="background-color: white; color: #20124d; font-family: Arial;">1492</span></b></div>
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<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="color: #20124d;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial;">Eventually in January 1492 the Nasrids are forced to surrender to the recently united forces of <a href="http://www.paradoxplace.com/Perspectives/Chronologies/Genealogies/Spanish_Monarchs/Spanish%20Monarchs.htm#Ferdinand & Isobella">Ferdinand and Isabella, "Los Reyes Cathólicos"</a> (the "Catholic Monarchs" - blessed as such by the <a href="http://www.paradoxplace.com/Church_Stuff/Popes_Renaissance.htm#Alexander_VI">Spanish Borgia </a></span></b><span style="font-family: Arial;"><b><a href="http://www.paradoxplace.com/Church_Stuff/Popes_Renaissance.htm">Pope Alessandro VI</a> (1431 - 1492 - 1503 (72)). The 781 year Muslim presence in Spain is over. Later in the year <a href="http://www.paradoxplace.com/Photo%20Pages/Spain/Andalucia/Rabida/Rabida.htm">Columbus sets sail from Huelva</a> and <a href="http://www.paradoxplace.com/Perspectives/Italian%20Images/Montages/Firenze/Medici%201.htm#Lorenzo il Magnifico">Lorenzo de' Medici dies in Florence</a> - it is "the end of the Middle Ages".</b></span></span></span></div>
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Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03548930328958735839noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6445230771985640972.post-15878062352293651812015-08-19T17:51:00.003-07:002015-08-19T18:07:18.905-07:00The Muslim Conquest of Spain (711-1492)<br />
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<span style="color: blue;">The Muslim Conquest of Spain</span></h2>
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<a data-href="http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/islam/history/spain_1.shtml" href="https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=5&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=0CEEQFjAEahUKEwjY64Hpt7bHAhUJSogKHWWKAHw&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Freligion%2Freligions%2Fislam%2Fhistory%2Fspain_1.shtml&ei=gyPVVZieC4mUoQTllILgBw&usg=AFQjCNGMvclCK_O05qT1ijnHsWOlooJxfg&sig2=oN6VC5tV39dHAWr5x9EguQ" style="cursor: pointer;"><span style="color: blue;"> (711-1492)</span></a></h3>
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<strong>Contributed by Prof. Dr. Nazeer Ahmed, PhD</strong></div>
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The conquest of Spain was the beginning of a new era in world history. It was the first interaction of Islamic civilization with the Latin West. For centuries, Muslim Spain was a beacon of knowledge to a European continent that was shrouded in the stupor of the Dark Ages. It was Spain, along with southern Italy, that was destined to act as a conduit for learning to the West. It played a central role in the reawakening of Europe.</div>
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The very name Andalus conjures up images of a bygone golden age of a brilliant civilization. Spain, as Andalus is known today, is situated in the northwestern corner of the Mediterranean. It is a peninsula, bound to the west by the Atlantic Ocean and to the east by the Mediterranean Sea. To the north the Pyrenees Mountains separate it from France and the rest of Europe. To the south the narrow Straits of Gibraltar connect the waters of the Atlantic with the Mediterranean. Geographically, it is a part of the Mediterranean world, although topographically, the rugged mountains of the Peninsula make it more a part of North Africa than southern Europe.</div>
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The Atlantic Ocean had arrested the westward advance of Muslim armies. But the narrow straits separating Morocco from Spain were not wide enough to stop their inexorable march northward into Europe. They were propelled by the vision of a world order wherein tyranny was abolished and freedom of religion guaranteed. The early Muslims considered <em>Tawhid</em>(meaning, a God-centered civilization) to be a Divine trust and the establishment of Divine patterns on earth, a mission. Neither the ocean nor the desert was an insurmountable barrier in their drive to establish a just order on the globe.</div>
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Faith was the driver for centralization of power during the first centuries of Islamic rule, just as today economics is the driver for centralization of power in the world. Faith cements civilization, advances knowledge and brings prosperity. Absence of faith destroys civilization, fosters ignorance and invites poverty. When the human soul is motivated by faith, nothing in this world—not greed, nor passion nor even glory—can detract it from the single-minded pursuit of a higher goal. People with faith work together and create civilizations. It is only when faith is weak that greed and passion win, co-operative struggle becomes impossible and civilization crumbles.</div>
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In the 5<sup>th</sup> century, the Visigoths conquered Spain and established a kingdom there with Toledo as their capital. Not noted for their skills in administration and statecraft, the Visigoth monarchs invited the Latin Church in 565 to manage the affairs of state. In return, the church obtained official sanction to propagate its faith. The economic condition of the Spanish peasant improved little under this arrangement because he was now subject to double taxation, one from the despotic monarchs and the other from the local monasteries. The rich lived in opulence while the farmers suffered abject poverty. The condition of the Jews was even worse. They were precluded from owning land and prohibited from openly practicing their religion. When they protested, the Church came down hard on them. In 707, when the Visigoth king Vietza slackened in the persecution of the Jews, the clergy promptly deposed him and installed a playboy army officer, Rodriguez, as the new king. The Jews were forced into slave labor and their women condemned to servitude.</div>
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The contrast between Spain and North Africa at the beginning of the 8<sup>th</sup>century was as marked as it can be between two geographically adjacent areas. The Muslims had arrived on the scene with a new creed and a new mission, preaching the freedom of man and justice before the law. The openness of the Muslims was not unknown in Spain and many of the serfs and the Jews had escaped and found a new home in Maghrib al Aqsa (Morocco).</div>
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North Africa was seething with vibrant energy. The Berber revolts had been overcome. The Berbers were enlisting in the Muslim armies with the newfound zeal of faith. In Damascus, Waleed I had ascended the Omayyad throne. A skillful administrator and shrewd statesman, he had successfully crushed a rebellion in far-away Khorasan and had even outmaneuvered the Chinese emperor into a stalemate in Sinkiang. Waleed is known in history as the Emir who gathered around himself the most capable generals of any Omayyad. Noteworthy among these generals were Muhammed bin Qasim (the conqueror of Sindh and Multan), Qutaiba bin Muslim (the conqueror of Sinkiang), Musa bin Nusair and Tariq bin Ziyad (conquerors of Spain). The Omayyad governor of the Maghrib, Musa bin Nusair, waged a constant struggle with the Visigoths for the control of Maghrib al Aqsa (The western frontier, today’s Morocco). One by one, the Visigoth strongholds on the Mediterranean had been captured. Only Ceuta remained under Visigoth control and Count Julian, a Visigoth deputy, governed it.</div>
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It was customary among the Visigoth nobles to send their daughters to the royal palace so they could learn the etiquette of the court. In accordance with this custom, Count Julian sent his daughter Florinda to the court in Toledo. There, the profligate Rodriguez raped her. Julian was outraged and sought to take revenge on Rodriguez for this act of dishonor. Besides, Julian’s wife was the daughter of Vietza, whose throne Rodriguez had usurped. At this time, the area around Ceuta was governed by Tariq bin Ziyad, a deputy of Musa bin Nusair. Julian traveled to Kairouan to confer with Musa and ask him to invade Spain and humble Rodriguez. The timing was right. Musa ordered Tariq to cross the straits with a contingent of troops.</div>
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According to Ibn Khaldun, there were three hundred Arab and 10,000 Berber troops in the army of Tariq bin Ziyad. The towering rock near which Tariq landed is called Jabl al Tariq, the mountain of Tariq ( in English Gibraltar), and the straits separating North Africa from Spain are called the Straits of Gibraltar. Tariq was an outstanding soldier, a brilliant general, a man of faith and determination. He burned the boats that had brought his forces across the straits and extolled his men to march forward in the name of Tawhid or perish in the struggle. A skirmish ensued with the local Visigoth lord, Theodore Meier, in which the latter was soundly defeated. The year was 711.</div>
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Rodriguez heard of the invasion and collecting a force of 80,000, advanced to meet the Muslim force. Tariq called for reinforcements and received an additional contingent of 7,000 cavalrymen under the command of Tarif bin Malik Naqi (after whom Tarifa inSpain is named). The two armies met at the battlefield of Guadalupe. The Muslims were fighting to establish a just political order whereas the Visigoths were fighting to protect and preserve an oppressive scheme. The Arabs were superior in the art of mobile warfare. They were superb horsemen and had mastered the art of rapid enveloping movements in their advance from the desert across Asia and . The Visigoths were accustomed to fighting in static, fixed positions. There was no contest. Even though the Muslims were outnumbered, the Visigoths were cut to pieces. Rodriguez was slain in battle.</div>
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The defeated Visigoths retreated towards Toledo, the ancient capital of Spain. Tariq divided his troops into four regiments. One regiment advanced towards Cordoba and subdued it. A second regiment captured Murcia. A third advanced north towards Saragossa. Tariq himself moved swiftly towards Toledo. The city surrendered without a fight. Visigoth rule in Spain came to an end.</div>
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Meanwhile, Musa bin Nusair landed in Spain with a fresh contingent of Berber troops. His first advance was towards Seville. The defenders closed the city gates and a long siege ensued. The offensive capability of the Arabs, backed by military engineering and technology, was superior to the defensive capabilities of the Visigoths. Musa had brought his Minjaniques (machines) with him, which threw heavy projectiles at the city ramparts demolishing them. After a month, the city surrendered. The Umayyad armies now fanned out across the Spanish peninsula. In rapid succession, Saragossa, Barcelona and Portugal fell one after another. The Pyrenees was crossed and Lyons France was occupied. The year was 712.</div>
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Musa was ready to continue his drive into France and Italy. But in the meantime, CaliphWaleed I fell ill in Damascus. In the power struggle that ensued, Musa was called back to take his oath to the next Caliph Sulaiman. Musa appointed his son Abdel Aziz as the Emir of Spain, left another son Abdallah in charge of North Africa and hastened to the Umayyad Capital. During their conquest of Spain, the Muslims had captured an enormous amount of booty. Musa was eager to hurry up and bring the conquered booty to Walid I so that the dying Emir would appreciate the services rendered by Musa. Meanwhile, Sulaiman, the heir-apparent, wrote to Musa to slow down his return so that by the time the war booty arrived in Damascus, Walid I would be dead and the booty would belong to Sulaiman. However, Musa, out of courtesy to the dying Emir, did not oblige Sulaiman. He arrived before Walid died. Sulaiman was very upset at losing his chance to claim the war booty. So, when he ascended the throne, he stripped Musa of all rank, accused him of misappropriating war funds and reduced him to stark poverty. Musa lived the rest of his life as a beggar, half blind and at the mercy of public charity.</div>
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The Jews and the peasants in Spain received the Muslim armies with open arms. The serfdoms were abolished and fair wages were instituted. Taxes were reduced to a fifth of the produce. Anyone who accepted Islam was relieved of his servitude. A large number of Spaniards became Muslim to escape the oppression of their former masters. The religious minorities, the Jews and the Christians, received the protection of the state and were allowed participation at the highest levels of the government.</div>
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Spain, under Muslim rule, became a beacon of art, science and culture for Europe. Mosques, palaces, gardens, hospitals and libraries were built. Canals were repaired and new ones were dug. New crops were introduced from other parts of the Muslim empire and agricultural production increased. Andalus became the granary of the Maghrib. Manufacturing was encouraged and the silk and brocade work of the peninsula became well known in the trading centers of the world. Andalus was divided into four provinces and efficient administration was established. Cities increased in size and prosperity. Cordoba, the capital, became the premier city of Europe and by the 10<sup>th</sup> century had over one million inhabitants.</div>
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<span style="color: blue;"><span class="fc">FC46B:</span> <span class="description">Muslim civilization in Spain (711-1492)</span></span></h1>
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<a href="http://www.flowofhistory.com/node/542" style="font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; text-decoration: none;"><img alt="FC46B" class="image image-bignail " src="http://www.flowofhistory.com/sites/foh.gargtech.com/files/images/16/Slide4.bignail.png" height="180" style="border: 0px;" title="FC46B" width="178" /></a></div>
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<a href="http://www.flowofhistory.com/units/asia/6/FC46B-2" style="text-decoration: none;">FC46B</a> in the <a href="https://www.teacherspayteachers.com/index.php?method=Detail&ItemsId=104" style="text-decoration: none;">Hyperflow of History</a>.<br />
Covered in multimedia lecture #<a href="https://www.teacherspayteachers.com/index.php?method=Detail&ItemsId=6877" style="text-decoration: none;">6877</a>.</div>
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<h2 style="color: #333333; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 17.5px;">
The coming of the Moors</h2>
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In the seventy years after the death of Mohammed in 632, the Arab Muslims conquered an empire that stretched from the borders of India in the East to the Atlantic coast of North Africa in the West. In 711, an Arab general, Tariq, was sent into Spain with a force of unruly North African Berbers (from the Roman word for barbarians). Tariq, after whom the Rock of Gibraltar was named (from Jebel Tariq, the Rock of Tariq), decisively defeated the Visigoth king Roderic in 712, after which the Moors, as the Arab-led Berbers were called, overran the rest of the peninsula by 720.</div>
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Several factors aided the rapid Muslim conquest of Spain. First, despite the hilly and fragmented nature of Spain's geography, the Romans had succeeded in creating a tightly knit and romanized province (both politically and culturally). Rome's Visigothic successors carried on these traditions, thus giving the Moors a fairly unified state whose government largely fell into their hands after one decisive battle, much as England fell to the Normans after the Battle of Hastings in 1066. A very different, but complementary factor was the de-centralized nature of Roman (and Visigothic) rule, where local nobles who copied Roman culture and showed loyalty to the empire, were allowed to run their cities or regions for Rome. There is evidence the Moors avoided prolonged sieges by confirming these local officials in their positions in return for their loyalty. Therefore, there was often little more than a change of management at the top that many people might not have even noticed.</div>
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By the same token, the Moorish conquest and its aftermath to c.800 seem to have been a fairly destructive and chaotic period in Spanish history for several reasons. For one thing, there was some resistance by the king and his nobles who lost their lands to Tariq's followers. Secondly, the Berbers who made up the bulk of the conquering army, were still unruly tribesmen and, for the most part, only superficially Muslim. Thus they often plundered and destroyed at will. Finally, although all Muslims were supposedly equal, the Arab rulers and officers treated the Berbers as second class citizens, taking the best lands and lions' share of the plunder for themselves. This triggered a Berber revolt and period of turmoil (c.740-90).</div>
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This anarchy allowed the survival of the Christian states in the north, the most prominent of which would evolve into Portugal and Leon in the west, Castile in the middle, and Aragon in the east. Likewise, the Franks, who had turned back the Moors at Tours in 733, entered northern Spain in 778 under Charlemagne, supposedly to help the city of Sargasso. Although this expedition failed, Charlemagne's son, Louis I established a more permanent Frankish presence and military frontier, the Spanish March, in the northeast. This helped knit strong cultural ties with Catalonia, centered around Barcelona, which has maintained its own Catalan culture and language (a mixture of French and Spanish) and still harbors designs for political independence, much like the Basques do in the north-west.</div>
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The Ummayad Caliphate of Cordoba (c.800- 1008)</h2>
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During this time, Abd al-Rahman, the lone survivor of the Ummayad Dynasty in the East after the Abassid Dynasty's bloody coup, had escaped to Spain and gradually extended his control there (756-88). The Ummayads always had trouble maintaining firm control of their frontier regions, which were remote, turbulent, less wealthy and sparsely populated. This forced them to give more freedom and power to their military governors so they could defend the frontiers against the constant raiding that created a virtual no-man's-land between the Christian and Moorish realms.</div>
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However, under Abd al-Rahman III (912-61), al-Hakem II (961-76) and the viziers al-Mansur and his son Abd al-Malik ruling for the weak Hisham II (976-1009), the Ummayads established some degree of control over the frontiers and presided over the height of Muslim power in Spain. In 929, they even took the title of Caliph, spiritual and secular ruler of the Islamic world, most likely in reaction to the Shiite Fatimids in North Africa claiming that title by right of descent from Mohammed's daughter, Fatima. The Ummayads also moved their capital from the old Visigothic center, Toledo, to Cordoba, where they built one of the Islamic world's most splendid mosques and a magnificent palace complex. This palace had 140 Roman columns sent from Constantinople, a menagerie, extensive fishponds, and a room with a large shallow bowl of mercury that, upon shaking, reflected light wildly around the room like lightning in order to impress and terrify visitors. The court was also a flourishing center of culture, especially after the renowned Arab musician, Ziryab was attracted there from the East, bringing with him the latest in fashionable foods, clothing, and personal hygiene, most notably toothpaste. Cordoba was famous for its extensive library with 400,000 books and may have had a population of 100,000, making it one of the most splendid cities in the world at the time.</div>
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At this time, a growing number of Christians started coming from Northern Europe to absorb the growing body of knowledge stored in Cordoba, taking back such things as the abacus, astrolabe, Arab math and medicine, and translations of Aristotle. This transmission of Arab learning from Spain would be the basis for the revival of learning in Western Europe in the following centuries.</div>
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By 950, the population of Moorish Spain was largely Muslim, since as many as one million Berbers may have migrated to Spain and many Spanish Christians converted to Islam, either out of conviction, the influence of friends and family, or the improved opportunities such conversion might bring. Evidence for these conversions comes from the large number of Arab genealogies, which often show a point where Christian names are replaced by Arabic ones, indicating their conversion to Islam. Another source of converts was slaves, largely Slavs brought from Eastern Europe by Viking traders. These were often converted to Islam and trained as slave bureaucrats or bodyguards (although slaves with much higher status than the average subject). The caliphs in Cordoba had as many as 60,000 such recruits in their army, which largely freed them from dependence on unreliable Berber recruits.</div>
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Maintaining such a splendid court, capital, and army required a vibrant economy, which seems to have recovered in general across the Mediterranean after 750 and particularly in Spain after the turmoil of the 700s. Spain's agriculture especially flourished, from such new crops as rice, hard wheat for pasta (which required less water and stored better as a result), sorghum, sugar cane, cotton, oranges, lemons, limes, bananas, pomegranates, figs, watermelon, spinach, and artichokes. Figs, which were a Byzantine monopoly, supposedly reached Spain by smuggling seeds wrapped in a book past the customs agents. Making this "green revolution" possible were extensive irrigation and waterwheel systems copied from Syrian models, the largest being around Valencia. There were reportedly 5000 waterwheels along the Guadalquivir River alone by 1200.</div>
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Better agriculture produced a healthier and more numerous population, which allowed the government to lower tax rates, which in turn promoted more innovation, thus creating even better agriculture, and so on. This, of course, allowed and encouraged urban growth and more industries, such as metals, ceramics, glass, silk, ivory carving, paper and book making, woolens, and dying with dyes imported from as far away as India. One indication of Moorish Spain's prosperity at this time was government revenue, which reached 6,500,000 gold dinars a year.</div>
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Fall of the Caliphate of Cordoba and rise of the Taifa, or "Party kings" (1008-c.1080)</h2>
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After the death of the powerful vizier, Abd al-Malik, a period of civil wars and strife known as the <em>Fitnah</em> broke out (1008-31). Various claimants to the throne had to rely on Berber mercenaries, who claimed lands and provinces for their services. As a result, a string of caliphs rapidly followed one another, one supposedly reigning for only forty-seven days. In 1013 Cordoba was sacked and its library destroyed by Berber troops who, resenting their inferior status under the Arabs, saw no reason to preserve their culture. While the government disintegrated at the center, Christian princes in the north raided and conquered Muslim lands or extorted tribute from local rulers.</div>
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This chaos led to a fragmentation of power into some three dozen city-states known as the <em>Taifa</em> (literally party or factional rulers, although our other meaning for party might also apply). Gradually, the smaller taifas were gobbled up by the larger ones, leaving six main ones: Seville and Granada in the south, Badajoz, Toledo, and Valencia in the middle, and Zaragoza in the northeast. Once affairs settled down and stabilized, there was a rapid revival of the economy and culture. However, rather than being concentrated at one central court, culture was dispersed and localized in a number of taifa states. Taifa rulers' status, much like that of princes in Renaissance Italy, rested as much on which scholars and artists they could attract to their courts as it did on warfare and conquest.</div>
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The richest of the taifa states was Seville in the lower valley of the Guadalquivir River, specializing in its olive oil, crimson dye made from a beetle, sugarcane, and musical instruments. Its rulers, al-Mu'tadid (1042-69) and his grandson, al-Mu'tamid, took Seville to the height of its cultural prestige and political power (even recapturing Cordoba from the Christians in 1069), and were themselves accomplished poets.</div>
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Meanwhile, the Christian states of Aragon-Catalonia in the east, Castile-Leon in the middle, and Portugal in the west were attacking and extorting tribute from the various taifa states. Such tribute was a major, if not the main, source of revenue for these princes who, in turn, passed it on to their soldiers, nobles, churchmen, and merchants, making it a vital part of their economies. Joining in this were Muslim and Christian mercenaries who would fight for either side, depending on the pay and circumstances. The most famous of these was Rodrigo Diaz, known as El Cid (from the Arabic word for boss). During his very active career, Diaz served Castile (until he was exiled from there), the Muslim ruler of Zaragoza (fighting both Christians and Muslims), and Castile again until another falling out with its ruler. Having built up his own fortune, reputation and following, he fought, plundered, and extorted tribute from both Christians and Muslims until he took Valencia in 1094, where he ruled until his death in 1099.</div>
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Islamic resurgence from North Africa: the Amoravids & Almohads (1080-1250)</h2>
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Just as the Moors had originally come from North Africa and constantly drawn upon its Berber tribesmen for settlers and soldiers, so they drew renewed strength from two more North African groups to stem the tide of Christian conquest. The first of these, the Almoravids, were led by ibn Yasin, who had founded a <em>ribat</em>, a frontier religious community with a strong military character since it must be able to defend itself, and spread Islam through preaching and charity. As ibn Yasin's movement grew, it came to be called the Almoravids (from <em>al-Murabitun</em>, meaning people of the ribat). They founded Marrakech as a base in 1060 and took over Morocco by 1083.</div>
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They then turned toward the taifas in Spain which they saw paying tribute to non-Muslims, not recognizing the authority of the caliph in Baghdad, and failing to abide by the Muslim ban on drinking wine. In 1085 when the ruler of Castile took over Toledo, several alarmed taifas called the Almoravids into Spain for help. In 1086, the Almoravids crushed Castile's forces and embarked on a series of campaigns (c.1100-1125) to recover lands recently lost to the Christians. If the Almoravids were intolerant of any breaches of Islamic law by fellow Muslims, they were even less tolerant of Jews and Christians. From this point on we see growing hostility between Christians and Muslims who used to tolerate each other. Add to this aggressive Christian princes desperate to recover the lost revenue from tributes cut off by the Almoravids and a Church reform movement that wanted to channel the military energies of Europe's nobility into campaigns, such as the wars in Spain and the Crusades, to serve its own interests, and one can see a growing strain of intolerance that would plague Spain for centuries.</div>
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Arrogance toward other Muslims, growing indulgence in the very luxuries they had originally condemned, and the re-emergence of Berber tribal loyalties led to Almoravide decline after 1125. However, a new group of North African reformers emerged to take their place, the Almohads (from al-Muwahhidun, upholders of divine unity). Founded by Muhammed ibn Tumart, their career seemed to parallel that of the Almoravids, starting with a ribat and winning over the local tribes with their own brand of religious fervor. One major difference between the two movements was that the Almohads believed in a more mystical unity of God in which all of us are immersed. In 1121, ibn Tumart was declared the <em>Mahdi</em> (rightly guided one) by his followers to restore righteousness in the final days before the Last Judgment. At this time, the Christian princes were taking advantage of a new period of turmoil (sometimes referred to as The Second Fitnah) by conquering more lands. In 1146, Alfonso VII of Castile briefly took Cordoba before losing it again. The following year, Alfonso I of Portugal took Lisbon with the help of an English navy, marking the start of a long friendship between those two countries. Consequently, a Sufi leader, ibn Qasi, called in the Almohads who took over the Almoravids and attacked the Christian states, inflicting a crushing defeat on them at Alcaros in 1195. This served as a wakeup call to the Christian states, which united against the Almohads and stopped them decisively at Las Navas de Tolosa in 1212.</div>
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In the ensuing forty years (1212-52) nearly all the Iberian Peninsula came under the three Christian states of Portugal, Aragon, and Castile. Fernando III of Castile took Cordoba in 1236, and Seville fell to him in 1248 after a grueling siege. In the latter case, he ejected the surviving population and replaced it with Christians. A later elegy on the fall of Seville by the poet ar-Rundi seemed to bemoan the fate of Muslim Spain in general:</div>
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Ask Valencia what became of Murcia,<br />
And where is Jativa, or where is Jaen?<br />
Where is Cordoba, the seat of great learning,<br />
And how many scholars of high repute remain there?<br />
And where is Seville, the home of mirthful gatherings<br />
On its great river, cooling and brimful with water?<br />
These cities were the pillars of the country:<br />
Can a building remain when the pillars are missing?<br />
The white wells of ablution are weeping with sorrow,<br />
As a lover does when torn from his beloved:<br />
They weep over the remains of dwellings devoid of Muslims,<br />
Despoiled of Islam, now peopled by infidels!<br />
Those mosques have now been changed into churches,<br />
Where the bells are ringing and crosses are standing.<br />
Even the mihrabs weep, though made of cold stone,<br />
Even the minbars sing dirges, though made of wood!<br />
Oh heedless one, this is fate's warning to you:<br />
If you slumber, Fate always stays awake.</blockquote>
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Nasrid Granada and the end of Moorish power in Spain (c.1250-1492)</span></h2>
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By the mid thirteenth century, Moorish power in Spain was confined to a thin mountainous strip of land in the south that was never more than sixty miles wide. In the 1230's and 1240's, Muhammed ibn Yusuf ibn Nasr established a state centered around the city of Granada, thus giving his name to its ruling dynasty (Nasrid). Granada's strength was undercut by two main factors. First of all, it suffered from a good deal of internal disunity caused by tribal divisions, the ever-troublesome Berber mercenaries from North Africa, and an influx of Muslim refugees from the north. Second, it had a weak economy caused by its poor soil, forcing it to import much of its food, while its trade was largely controlled by Genoese merchants. Also, heavy tribute to the Christian states in the north forced the amirs (rulers) of Granada to charge high taxes, which made them unpopular.</div>
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Granada's survival depended on several factors: an excellent army consisting largely of Berber light cavalry, an extensive system of castles every five or six miles along its frontier and as many as 14,000 watchtowers scattered across the countryside, strong support from the Merinid dynasty in North Africa, generally capable rulers until the early 1400s, and some luck, such as the intervention of the Black Death (1349), Castilian involvement in the Hundred Years War in the 1300s, and turmoil both within and between the various Christian states.</div>
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Despite its problems, culture flourished in Nasrid Granada, especially in the fields of poetry, architecture, and art. The most remarkable example of this is the Alhambra, probably the best surviving example of a medieval Muslim palace. Much of its beauty lies in its elegant gardens, fountains, and courtyards that provided a serene setting for meditation, reading, or romance. The rooms of the palace itself show Islamic decorative art at its peak, with intricate geometric designs gracing the walls, doorways, and ceilings. According to the poet, Ibn Zamrak:</div>
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“...The Sabika hill sits like a garland on Granada's brow,<br />
In which the stars would be entwined,<br />
And the Alhambra (God preserve it)<br />
Is the ruby set above that garland.<br />
Granada is a bride whose headdress is the Sabika, and whose adornments are its flowers.”</blockquote>
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In the 1400s, Granada's luck ran out in several ways. Genoese control of its trade tightened, which further aggravated resentment caused by the high tax rates (three times that paid by the people in Castile) to pay tribute to the Christians. The Merinids in North Africa went into decline and could no longer provide Granada their support. Tribal strife within Granada increased while the Christian states of Portugal, Castile, and Aragon resolved their own internal problems. In 1469, Ferdinand of Aragon and Isabella of Castile married, thus uniting Spain into one powerful state when they ascended their respective thrones in 1474. The only missing piece of the puzzle, in their minds, was Granada, which they attacked in 1482. The war boiled down to a series of sieges, as one city after another fell to the Christian artillery. In 1492, after an eight-month siege, Granada fell to Ferdinand and Isabella, who accepted the surrender dressed in Moorish clothes. After nearly 800 years, Spain was again united under Christian rule.</div>
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For Spain's Jewish and Moorish subjects, Christian rule was anything but pleasant. Almost immediately, the Jews were expelled from Spain, thus depriving it of some of its most productive population. Despite Ferdinand and Isabella's promise to tolerate their religion, the Muslims were forced to convert to Christianity or leave Spain in 1502. Since emigration was so costly, most converted in name while secretly maintaining their own beliefs and practices. In 1568, Philip II, increasingly concerned about his image as a strict Catholic monarch and support the Moriscoes (Moors supposedly converted to Christianity) might give to the Ottoman Turks and his other Muslim enemies, tried to stamp out their Muslim customs, which triggered a revolt. After brutally suppressing this uprising Philip dispersed the Moriscoes across Spain. However, since they still refused to assimilate into Christian society, Philip III took the final step of expelling some 300,000 Moriscoes from Spain in 1609. Aside from the suffering it caused the Moriscoes, this also substantially hurt Spain, by ridding it of much of its most productive population just when its power and wealth in other quarters were going into decline. This only accelerated Spain's decline into the rank of a second rate power by the mid 1600s.</div>
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Moorish Spain's legacy</h2>
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As discussed previously, many Christian scholars during the Middle Ages came to Spain to absorb its learning, helping trigger a revival of learning in Europe. Very simply, this was the single most important legacy of Moorish Spain to Europe. One of its most significant contributions came from the philosopher, ibn Rushd (known in Europe as Averroes), who devoted his life to reconciling faith and reason (in particular that of Aristotle). The Christian philosopher, Thomas Aquinas, whose book, <em>Summa Theologica</em>, similarly reconciled faith and reason, quoted ibn Rushd no less than 503 times in his works. It was Aquinas' work that laid the foundations for the Renaissance and the birth of Western science in the centuries to come, but in a very real sense, it was the work of an Arab scholar, ibn Rushd, that was the real foundation.</div>
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GRANADA – THE LAST MUSLIM KINGDOM OF SPAIN</h1>
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In 711, Islam made its entrance into the Iberian Peninsula. Having been invited to end the tyrannical rule of King Roderick, Muslim armies under the leadership of Tariq ibn Ziyad crossed the straits between Morocco and Spain. Within seven years, most of the Iberian Peninsula (modern Spain and Portugal) was under Muslim control. Parts of this land would remain Muslim for over 700 years.</div>
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By the mid 900s, Islam had reached its zenith in the land known as al-Andalus. Over 5 million Muslims lived there, making up over 80% of the population. A strong, united Umayyad caliphate ruled the land and was by far the most advanced and stable society in Europe. The capital, Cordoba, attracted those seeking education from all over the Muslim world and Europe. However, this golden age of politics and society would not last forever. In the 1000s, the caliphate broke up and divided into numerous small states called taifas. The Muslim taifas were disunited and susceptible to invasion from Christian kingdoms in the north. For the next 200 years, the taifas fell one by one to the Christian “Reconquista”. By the 1240s, one kingdom remained in the south: Granada. This article will analyze the fall of this final Muslim kingdom in Iberia.</div>
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Emirate of Granada</h3>
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The seal of the Emirate of Granada, declaring “There is no victor except for Allah”</div>
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During the Reconquista, Muslim states fell one by one to Christian kingdoms invading from the North. The major cities of Cordoba, Seville, and Toledo fell from the 1000s to the 1200s. The Murabitun and Muwwahidun (Almoravid and Almohad) movements from North Africa helped slow the Christian tide, but disunity among the Muslims eventually led to continued loss of land.</div>
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One Muslim state – Granada – was able to escape conquest by Christians in the 1200s. After the fall of Cordoba in 1236, the rulers of the Emirate of Granada signed a special agreement with the Kingdom of Castile, one of the most powerful Christian kingdoms. Granada had agreed to become a tributary state to Castile. This meant they were allowed to remain independent as the Emirate of Granada, but in exchange for not being invaded by Castile, they had to pay a yearly sum (usually in gold) to the Castilian monarchy. This created a detrimental situation for the Muslims of Granada as they paid regularly to strengthen their enemies.</div>
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Despite this, one of the reasons Granada was able to maintain its independence was its geography. It lies high in the Sierra Nevada Mountains of Southern Spain. The mountains created a natural barrier for any invading armies. Thus, despite being militarily weaker than Castile, the mountainous terrain provided a huge defensive advantage.</div>
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The Granada War</h3>
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For over 250 years, Granada remained as a tributary state to the stronger Kingdom of Castile. But surrounded by unfriendly Christian nations, Granada was constantly at risk of being exterminated. In the early 1400s, a Muslim scholar wrote of al-Andalus’ last kingdom, “Is Granada not enclosed between a violent sea and an enemy terrible in arms, both of which press on its people day and night?”</div>
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The impetus for the conquest of Granada occurred in 1469, when King Ferdinand of Aragon of Queen Isabella of Castile married. This united the two most powerful Christian kingdoms of the Iberian Peninsula. With a united front, now the Christians set their sights on removing the last Muslim state from the peninsula.</div>
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<a href="http://lostislamichistory.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/11/isabella_clara_eugenia_spain_albrecht.jpg" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0); background: transparent; color: #4c95ba; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><img alt="King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella sought to destroy the last Muslim emirate of al-Andalus" class="size-medium wp-image-223" height="211" src="http://lostislamichistory.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/11/isabella_clara_eugenia_spain_albrecht-300x211.jpg" style="background: transparent; border: 0px none; height: auto; margin: 0.75em 0px 5px; max-width: 100%; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;" width="300" /></a><div class="wp-caption-text" style="background: transparent; border: 0px; font-size: 0.8em; font-style: italic; margin-bottom: -0.2em; margin-top: 0.6em; orphans: 4; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella sought to destroy the last Muslim emirate of al-Andalus</div>
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In 1482, war began between the new Kingdom of Spain and the Emirate of Granada. Despite being in a much weaker position, the Granadans fought valiantly. One Spanish chronicler expressed his respect for the Muslim soldiers, “the Moors [Muslims] put all their strength and all their heart into the combat, as a courageous man is bound to do when defending his life, his wife, and his children.” The ordinary Muslim civilians and soldiers were fighting for their existence and the survival of Islam in al-Andalus, and fought very bravely. The Muslim rulers, on the other hand, were not as chivalrous or brave.</div>
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Throughout the war, the Christians remained unified and did not break up into separate warring factions, as they had commonly in the past. In contrast, Granada experienced huge political upheaval. Muslim leaders and governors were commonly at odds and scheming different plans to undermine each other. Many of them were even secretly working with the Christian kingdoms in exchange for wealth, land, and power. Worse than all of that, in 1483, one year into the war, the sultan’s son, Muhammad, rebelled against his father and sparked a civil war in Granada, just as Spanish forces began to attack from outside.</div>
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King Ferdinand planned to use the civil war to his advantage. He supported Muhammad in his fight against his father (and later, his uncle) in an effort to weaken Granada as a whole. Muhammad was supported with arms and soldiers by Ferdinand in the fight against other members of his family, and thus was able to take power over Granada. Throughout this armed struggle, Christian armies slowly pressed further into Granadian lands, so that by the time Muhammad took power in 1490, he only ruled the city of Granada and nothing of the surrounding countryside.</div>
<h3 style="background: transparent; border: 0px; font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1em; margin: 0px 0px 22px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
Granada’s Last Stand</h3>
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Right after solidifying his rule over Granada, however, Muhammad was sent a letter by King Ferdinand that demanded he immediately surrender the city. Muhammad was very surprised by this demand as Ferdinand had given him the impression that he would be allowed to rule over Granada with Ferdinand’s support. Clearly, Muhammad realized too late that he had been just a pawn used by Ferdinand to weaken Granada.</div>
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Muhammad decided to resist the Christians militarily and sought help from other Muslim kingdoms throughout North Africa and the Middle East. No help came besides a small Ottoman navy that raided the Spanish coast and did not cause much damage. By the end of 1491, the city of Granada was surrounded by Ferdinand and Isabella’s army. From the towers of his palace, Alhambra, Muhammad could see the huge Christian armies assembling and preparing to conquer the city. With this depressing future in sight, Muhammad was forced to sign a treaty which gave over control of the city in November 1491.</div>
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<a href="http://lostislamichistory.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/01/800px-Alhambra_Granada_desde_Albaicin.jpg" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0); background: transparent; color: #4c95ba; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><img alt="Christian banners and crosses were hung from the Alhambra on January 2nd, 1492" class="size-medium wp-image-594" height="225" src="http://lostislamichistory.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/01/800px-Alhambra_Granada_desde_Albaicin-300x225.jpg" style="background: transparent; border: 0px none; height: auto; margin: 0.75em 0px 5px; max-width: 100%; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;" width="300" /></a><div class="wp-caption-text" style="background: transparent; border: 0px; font-size: 0.8em; font-style: italic; margin-bottom: -0.2em; margin-top: 0.6em; orphans: 4; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
Christian banners and crosses were hung from the Alhambra on January 2nd, 1492</div>
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On January 2nd, 1492, the treaty took effect and the Spanish army entered Granada and officially took possession of the last Muslim state of al-Andalus. Christian soldiers occupied the legendary Alhambra palace that morning. They hung the banners and flags of Spain’s Christian monarchs from the walls, signifying their victory. At the top of Alhambra’s tallest tower, they erected a giant silver cross, telling the terrified people of Granada below that the forces of Christendom had been victorious over the Muslims of al-Andalus. Muslims were too fearful to venture outdoors, and the streets were deserted.</div>
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Sultan Muhammad was exiled, and on his way out of Granada, he stopped at a mountain pass to look back at Granada and began to cry. His mother was unimpressed with his sudden remorse and scolded him, “Do not cry like a woman for that which you could not defend as a man.”</div>
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Although the victorious Christians promised religious freedom and generally favorable terms to the people of Granada, <a href="http://lostislamichistory.com/spains-forgotten-muslims-the-expulsion-of-the-moriscos/" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0); background: transparent; color: #4c95ba; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;" target="_blank" title="Spain’s Forgotten Muslims – The Expulsion of the Moriscos">these promises were soon broken</a>. In 1502, Islam was officially outlawed in Granada and hundreds of thousands of Muslims had to either immigrate to North Africa or hide their beliefs. By the early 1600s, not a single Muslim was left in all of Spain.</div>
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The story of al-Andalus’ decline from one of the Muslim world’s leading political and social powers in the 1000s to a rump state that was conquered in the late 1400s is one that has no match in Islamic history. The constant infighting among Muslims, the lack of support from other Muslim empires, and the focus on personal power instead of Islamic unity all led to this downfall. And with the loss of Granada in 1492, that story ended.</div>
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<br /><ins id="aswift_0_expand" style="background: transparent; border: none; color: black; display: inline-table; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline; visibility: visible;"><ins id="aswift_0_anchor" style="background: transparent; border: none; display: block; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline; visibility: visible;"><iframe allowfullscreen="true" allowtransparency="true" frameborder="0" height="undefined" hspace="0" id="aswift_0" marginheight="0" marginwidth="0" name="aswift_0" scrolling="no" style="background: transparent; border-style: initial; border-width: 0px; display: block; left: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; max-width: 100%; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;" vspace="0" width="undefined"></iframe></ins></ins></div>
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Bibliography:</div>
<div style="background: transparent; border: 0px; margin-bottom: 1.5em; orphans: 4; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
Carr, Matthew. <em style="background: transparent; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Blood and Faith: The Purging of Muslim Spain</em>. New York: The New Press, 2009. Print.</div>
<div style="background: transparent; border: 0px; margin-bottom: 1.5em; orphans: 4; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
Najeebabadi, Akbar Shah. <i style="background: transparent; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">The History of Islam</i>. 3. Riyadh: Darussalam, 2001. Print.</div>
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Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03548930328958735839noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6445230771985640972.post-13147050490065401812015-08-19T00:07:00.000-07:002015-08-19T00:07:41.513-07:00Jews Protest the British White Paper of 1939, caused The Death Sentence for Millions of European Jews trying to escape Nazi extermination <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhpPTcmfxQJYCAb8QrmaRD8eEqsd_Sk-Y_Ud3gFDPjcSce0nMpSlb6gTb6JatG0MrJV9jKIriwwxiSKDZ-Juv_bRAxBWZQMxHZQw1auuebFuhlOupE-F30m3ohhN-_96GjtaL3SghIV5HQ/s1600/usi+logo+hex+613.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhpPTcmfxQJYCAb8QrmaRD8eEqsd_Sk-Y_Ud3gFDPjcSce0nMpSlb6gTb6JatG0MrJV9jKIriwwxiSKDZ-Juv_bRAxBWZQMxHZQw1auuebFuhlOupE-F30m3ohhN-_96GjtaL3SghIV5HQ/s1600/usi+logo+hex+613.png" /></a></div>
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<h3 style="background-color: white; font-family: arial, sans-serif; margin: 9pt 0in 0.0001pt;">
<span style="background-image: initial; background-repeat: initial; color: blue; font-size: large;">Jews Protest the British White Paper of 1939, The Death Sentence for Millions of European Jews</span><span style="font-size: 16.5pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-size: 16.5pt;"></span></span></h3>
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<span style="font-size: 14pt;">The British Mandatory forces brutally crushed the Arab Revolt in </span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">Palestine</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;"> (1936-1939) with martial law, the destruction of Arab villages and neighborhoods, air strikes, collective punishment, more than 100 executions, and several thousand Arab dead.<br /><br />The Arab militias had succeeded in killing hundreds of Jews and destroying Jewish villages, farms and businesses, but their biggest success was political.<br /><br />The Arab terrorist militias succeeded in forcing a change in British policy toward Jewish immigration to </span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">Palestine</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;"> and the establishment of a Jewish State as promised in the Balfour Declaration in 1917 and the British Peel Commission Report of 1937 which called for the partitioning of </span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">Palestine</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;"> into Arab and Jewish states.<br /><br />In 1939, the British government headed by Neville Chamberlain issued the "MacDonald White Paper," a policy paper which called for the establishment of a single </span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">Palestine</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;"> state governed by Arabs and Jews based on their respective populations. [The Arabs illegal immigration of hundreds of thousands between 1919 and 1939 greatly outnumbered the Jews.] Moreover, a limit of only 75,000 Jews would be permitted into Palestine over a five year period, which is in violation of international treaties and the transfer of land from Arabs to Jews would be prohibited also a violation of international treaties. The British had previously violated international treaties by taking 80% of Jewish Allocated territory and reallocating it to the Arabs as</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">Transjordan</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">. Here are <a href="http://avalon.law.yale.edu/20th_century/brwh1939.asp" style="color: #1155cc;" target="_blank">excerpts</a>: </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 14pt;">His Majesty's Government therefore now declare unequivocally that it is not part of their policy that </span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">Palestine</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;"> should become a Jewish State.... The British wanted Arab support in WWII and control of oil in Arab countries. Although it is not difficult to contend that the large number of Jewish immigrants who have been admitted so far have been absorbed economically, the fear of the Arabs that this influx will continue indefinitely until the Jewish population is in a position to dominate them has produced consequences which are extremely grave for Jews and Arabs alike and for the peace and prosperity of Palestine. ... [If] immigration is continued up to the economic absorptive capacity of the country, regardless of all other considerations, a fatal enmity between the two peoples will be perpetuated.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 14pt;"><br />The White Paper was approved by the British Parliament in May 1939, thus signing the death sentences of millions of Jews trying to escape Nazi extermination camps, precisely when the Nazi tide was threatening to engulf all of </span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">Europe</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 14pt;">The Jews of Palestine protested and demonstrated, as evidenced in the dozens of pictures taken by the American Colony photographers and archived at the Library of Congress.</span></div>
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<b><span style="color: purple; font-size: 16pt;">As agreed by international treaties. Greater Israel for the Jewish people as guaranteed by International law and treaties after WWI and in violation of international law 80% of Jewish land was given to establish the Arab-Jordan that was originally part of the territory allocated to the Jewish people under 1920 international treaties and Jordan has 75% of its people are Arab-Palestinians and the 120,440 sq. km. or 75,000 sq. mi. confiscated by the Arab countries from the million expelled Jewish families (6 times the size of Israel and valued in the trillions of dollars) the Arab countries confiscated personal assets, businesses, homes and Real estate property from the million plus Jewish families they persecuted and expelled from Arab countries and confiscated all their assets valued in the trillions of dollars. The Jewish people have lived in Arab-Muslim countries for over 2,500 years. Most of the million Jewish families expelled from Arab-Muslim countries were resettled in </span></b><b><span style="color: purple; font-size: 16pt;">Israel</span></b><b><span style="color: purple; font-size: 16pt;">, today over half the population in </span></b><b><span style="color: purple; font-size: 16pt;">Israel</span></b><b><span style="color: purple; font-size: 16pt;"> are the families expelled from Arab-Muslim countries. In </span></b><b><span style="color: purple; font-size: 16pt;">Syria</span></b><b><span style="color: purple; font-size: 16pt;"> many of the Jewish homes and property were given to the Arab-Palestinians.</span></b></div>
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<b><span style="color: purple; font-size: 16pt;">It is time for the Arab-Muslim countries to resettle the Arab-Palestinian refugees in their own countries. That should settle the refugee problem once and for all.</span></b></div>
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<b><span style="color: purple; font-size: 16pt;">But the Arabs will not be satisfied until they get all of </span></b><b><span style="color: purple; font-size: 16pt;">Israel</span></b><b><span style="color: purple; font-size: 16pt;"> without the Jews and they do not hide their intention.</span></b></div>
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<b><span style="color: purple; font-size: 16pt;">YJ Draiman</span></b></div>
</h3>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03548930328958735839noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6445230771985640972.post-71245226749263828412015-08-19T00:02:00.000-07:002015-08-19T00:02:29.154-07:00Substantial Immigration of Arab Migrant workers into Western Palestine from 1880-1948<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh8Dd1ft23OZmJIkG2xF8iHmQOqhm5M3YKvYBDhrLMY7VZEZ7QQVwQ1TroDFYo8t5cUzsb_4NS9P95VLVi-BOIM9GmG0MHnfGRdP4NY2kdQqDvey66d5QWSdqm11MRZ0RBRqtsWtZcLa7Y/s1600/usi+logo+hex+613.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh8Dd1ft23OZmJIkG2xF8iHmQOqhm5M3YKvYBDhrLMY7VZEZ7QQVwQ1TroDFYo8t5cUzsb_4NS9P95VLVi-BOIM9GmG0MHnfGRdP4NY2kdQqDvey66d5QWSdqm11MRZ0RBRqtsWtZcLa7Y/s1600/usi+logo+hex+613.png" /></a></div>
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<h2 style="background-color: white;">
<span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial,Helvetica;">Substantial Immigration of Arab Migrant workers into Western Palestine from 1880-1948</span></h2>
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<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica;">.. it is very difficult to make a case out for the</span><br /><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica;">misery of the Arabs if at the same time their</span><br /><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica;">compatriots from adjoining states could not be</span><br /><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica;">kept from going in to share that misery.</span><br /><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica;">-- British Governor of the Sinai from 1922 to 1936</span><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica;">... So far from being persecuted, the Arabs have </span><br /><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica;">crowded into the country and multiplied till their </span><br /><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica;">population has increased more than even all world Jewry </span><br /><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica;">could lift up the Jewish population.</span><br /><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica;">-- Winston Churchill [45]</span><br /><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica;">l</span></div>
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<br /><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica;">Since the inception of modem Israel in 1948, that perception has been embellished. The Jewish "aliens" came as "refugees from Europe" and "stole" land from the Arab settled population, it is claimed. No doubt the Jews did suffer from the monstrosities of the Holocaust, but Jewish suffering should not be salved by inducing the suffering of the "Palestinian people," and "excluding" or "expelling" them from their land since "time immemorial," it is thought.</span></div>
<h3 style="background-color: white;">
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica;">Immigration: Government Reports<br />and Their Contradictions</span></h3>
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial,Helvetica;">While the "Jewish population" of Palestine was "predominantly immigrant in character," according to the 1931 census of Palestine[7] the Muslims were assumed to be "the natural population" -- "Not quite two percent of the Muslim population are immigrants." By 1945, the Anglo-American Committee of Inquiry would report that, although the Jewish population had risen from 84,000 in 1922 to 554,000, and "three-fourths of this ... [Jewish] expansion was accounted for by immigration," the Arabs had increased by illegal immigration of hundreds of thousands of Arabs from neighboring countries "by a greater number" than the Jews.</span><span style="background-color: white;"></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica;">"The expansion of the Arab community by <i>natural increase </i>has been in fact one of the most striking features of Palestine's social history," the report stated.[8] The same sponsor, in an earlier report, has assessed that "the speed with which the Muslims have followed Western patterns in reduction of mortality has been very remarkable, probably more than could be expected by any observer twenty years ago."[9]</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica;">The Arabs allegedly were following the trends of improvements in the Jewish-settled areas and were "the gainers" from the Jews' higher health standards; [10] the death rate, which is central to determine the rate of natural population increase between 1922 and 1944, decreased proportionately, as would be expected, since standards improved as time passed. The Jews' death rate therefore was at its highest in 1922. Contradicting that logic, in the 1922-1944 period the death rate for the Arabs was reported at its lowest in 1922.[11] According to demographic experts, that phenomenon would have been incredible, considering the conditions in Palestine and the factors influencing the inhabitants at that time.[12]</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica;">Occasionally the British administration, noting "disproportions" and disparities in its data on Arab population growth, attempted to justify the conflicting assumptions in nonscientific terms, but the so-called "unprecedented"[13]. rate of "natural increase" among the non-Jews was never satisfactorily broken down or explained.</span></div>
<blockquote style="background-color: white;">
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica;">A very great disproportion is evident between the Muslim and Jewish death-rates and has been accentuated by a steady decline in the Jewish death-rate over the period under review.[14]</span></blockquote>
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial,Helvetica;">Nevertheless, a pivotal report during the same period concluded that</span><span style="background-color: white;"></span><br />
<blockquote style="background-color: white;">
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica;">It must be observed that a smaller population may overtake a larger population in numbers as time goes on. This depends on the relative age-constitutions and potential fertilities of the two communities considered. Jewish immigration adds a yearly increment to the Jewish population which is potentially highly reproductive. The time might come some scores of years ahead when the Jewish natural increase exceeded the Arab natural increase, but it would take a very long time for the Jews to obtain a majority in Palestine by that means alone.[15]</span></blockquote>
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial,Helvetica;">The various reports usually acknowledge in one place or another that the Arab population of Palestine would have remained stable at the figure -- actually 300,000 to 400,000[16] -- where it had remained for the last two centuries,[17] if it were not for the better conditions introduced by the Jewish settlements and/or the British administration. "Fluctuations [were] cancelled out" by war, disease, natural disasters, and so on. An official 1937 report found that "The growth in their numbers [Arab <i>fellahin </i>-peasants] has been largely due to the health services, combating malaria, reducing the infant death rate, improving water supply and sanitation," commencing with the advent of both the Jewish and the British mandatory influence. [18]</span><span style="background-color: white;"></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica;">The actual thinly settled "existing" Arab population of the early 1900's -- to which the Balfour Declaration and Mandate give testimony -- would not have been "prejudiced" by immigration of Jews. But the Arabs, it is claimed, had grown "naturally" by an unprecedented number -- a number greater even than the enormous swell of Jewish immigration between 1922 and 1944 could raise the Jewish population. Even Zionist historians[19] accepted the phenomenon of the Arabs'soaring "natural increase" without question, despite the fact that the evidence which contradicted that assumption often was noted on other pages of the same official British Government report that had made the "natural increase" assumption.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica;">As late as the mid-1940's, the 1945-1946 Survey of Palestine stated that "It is probable that the high rate of natural increase of the population of Palestine is a phenomenon of the mandatory period. . . ."[20]</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica;">One source cited earlier -- a population expert who assumed that a populous indigenous Arab community had been in Palestine for a millennium -- noted elsewhere in the same chapter that, by the date of his book, 1936, well into that Mandatory period, "fall in the death-rate" was the "likely" cause of the Arabs' population increase. And yet, he contradicted his own explanation by stating that in fact by 1936, fourteen years into the Mandatory period, "Medical and sanitary progress has made little headway among the Palestinian Arabs as yet, and cannot account for any considerable fall in the death-rate." After disqualifying all other excuses, that writer was left with one rather lame possibility: that perhaps the phenomenal rate of increase among Arabs in Palestine could be attributed solely to British "administrative measures" like "quarantine"![21]</span></div>
<div style="background-color: white;">
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica;">In other words, the new "phenomenal" rise in the Arab population of Palestine, which had remained sparse and static for two hundred years despite constant replenishing, was attributed to a sudden, hyped natural increase of the "existing" long-settled indigienes. That phenomenon, or so went the rationalization, resulted from new conditions. Yet, it was <i>also </i>acknowledged that because of its recent timing, the introduction of those new conditions <i>could not in fact have been responsible </i>for the population increase in the period of time for which it was credited!</span></div>
<div style="background-color: white;">
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica;">That same self-contradictory expert source was heavily relied upon by the Palestine Partition Commission in 1938, which tried to reconcile contradictory "facts": for example,</span></div>
<blockquote style="background-color: white;">
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica;">We thus have the Arab population reflecting simultaneously two widely different tendencies -- a birthrate characteristic of a peasant community in which the unrestricted family is normal, and a death-rate which could only be brought about under an enlightened modem administration, with both the will and the necessary funds at its disposal to enable it to serve a population unable to help itself. It is indeed an ironic commentary on the working of the Mandate and perhaps on the science of government, that this result which so far from encouraging <i>has almost certainly hindered close settlement by Jews on the land</i>, could scarcely have been brought about except through the appropriation of tax-revenue contributed by the Jews."[22]</span></blockquote>
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial,Helvetica;">The same report referred to "a combination of circumstances unique in modem history." For the Jews, "an unusually high (though not unprecedented) rate of immigration"[23] and for the "Arabs," that is, Muslims, "an abnormally high (and <i>possibly unprecedented</i>) rate of natural increase in the <i>existing indigenous </i>population."[24]</span><span style="background-color: white;"></span><br />
<div style="background-color: white;">
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica;">Note the words <i>"existing</i>" and <i>"indigenous.</i> " They were not simply modifiers; their use, as we will see in following chapters, became central to our seriously uncritical acceptance of Arab propaganda's misrepresentation of migrants and immigrants as "displaced" and "landless Arabs" deprived of their homeland by the Jews.</span></div>
<div style="background-color: white;">
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica;">While the Arabs were reportedly growing in number "naturally" by phenomenal leaps, the Jews were immigrating -- in all but depression times -- as heavily as the British immigration restrictions on Jews would allow. The 1937 <i>Palestine Royal Commission Report </i>-- often called the Peel Report -- noted that</span></div>
<blockquote style="background-color: white;">
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica;">The pace and extent of the development of the Jewish National Home must obviously depend on the rate and volume of Jewish immigration over a series of years. Having regard to their fear of being overwhelmed and therefore dominated by Jewish immigrants, the Arabs watch the immigration figures with close and anxious concern.[25]</span></blockquote>
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial,Helvetica;">Another practically unknown and unrecognized condition was indicated: the same report observed also that <i>Arab immigration </i>into Palestine might exist.</span><span style="background-color: white;"></span><br />
<blockquote style="background-color: white;">
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica;">No accurate estimate can be made of the numbers of Arabs who have come into Palestine from neighboring Arab lands and settled there, but it may be reckened that roughly nine-tenths of growth has been due to natural increase, and it has been a growth of over 50 percent in 17 years. Those are remarkable figures especially in view of the general belief that the population of Palestine under the Ottoman regime was more or less stationary.[26]</span></blockquote>
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial,Helvetica;">Other references reported similar observations. Some examples:</span><span style="background-color: white;"></span><br />
<blockquote style="background-color: white;">
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica;">Immigration has accounted in large part for the increase of the Jewish section of the population, though the Arabs have also received some reinforcement from this source .[27]</span><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica;">The collection and compilation of the data of migration are beginning to reach a tolerable degree of precision; but in one main respect they remain incomplete since it has not yet been possible to arrange for a reasonably complete record of the movement of people to and from Trans-Jordan.[28]</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica;">4,866 travelers who entered Palestine during the year were registered as immigrants. Of these 4,114 were Jews and 752 non-Jews.[29]</span></blockquote>
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial,Helvetica;">Yet the possibility of <i>substantial </i>Arab entry into Palestine was dismissed, despite the "remarkable" growth of the Arab population compared to the admittedly "stationary" number of the "Arab" population for centuries, before and until the "Jewish National Home" was mandated.[30]</span><span style="background-color: white;"> </span><br style="background-color: white;" /><span style="background-color: white;"> </span><br />
<h3 style="background-color: white;">
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica;">Reported Arab Immigration</span></h3>
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial,Helvetica;">If there had not yet been sufficient time for the improved health standards to affect the Arabs' rate of natural increase, then another, artificial factor had to cause the otherwise scientifically un-explainable Arab population increase.</span><span style="background-color: white;"></span><br />
<div style="background-color: white;">
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica;">The only demographic possibility remaining was that Arabs, like the Jews, had immigrated to swell their numbers. Yet, no record of substantial Arab immigration was recorded in Palestine by the British government. According to all the reports of the period, Arab "recorded" immigration to Palestine was minimal, casual, and un-quantifiable.[31]</span></div>
<div style="background-color: white;">
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica;">Any observer at the time, however, might have found strong indications that questioned the accuracy of the government's assumptions from the beginning.</span></div>
<div style="background-color: white;">
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica;">The British Department of Migration itself quite candidly acknowledged that the "records" in respect to <i>non-Jewish </i>immigration from neighboring countries such as "Syria" and "the Lebanon" were "defective"; that defect was deemed "of no great consequence," however, because, as the reports stated, the Department's records were intended to check only "<i>Jewish </i>immigration into Palestine according to the capacity of the country to absorb immigrants." The report assured, "in <i>that aspect </i>of the matter that the statistics may be held to have a high degree of accuracy."[32]</span></div>
<div style="background-color: white;">
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica;">Thus we find that in the British immigration system there was not even a serious gauge for considering the incidence of Arab immigration into "Palestine." The verbose description of the "mandatory policy" assumed that only "<i>Jewish </i>immigration" must be measured.</span></div>
<div style="background-color: white;">
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica;">Yet, in the 1931 census, at least twenty-three different languages were reported in use by "Muslims," and most of those plus an additional twenty-eight were in use by "Christians"-many of whom were known as, or represented as "Arabs" -- a total of at least fifty-one languages.[33]</span></div>
<div style="background-color: white;">
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica;">And the <i>non</i>-Jews in Palestine in 1931 listed as their "birthplaces" at least twenty-four different countries, in addition to the Americas and Europe. In Jerusalem alone, twenty different places of birth (outside the Americas and Europe) were reported by the "Muslims"; those plus another four countries were listed by "Christians."[34]</span></div>
<div style="background-color: white;">
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica;">The <i>"illegal</i>" Jewish immigration was fastidiously reported-"One case is known in which a small party of Jews endeavored to enter Palestine via Trans-Jordan"[35] -- while the Arabs who immigrated illegally were addressed only when their "detection" had become "flagrant."[36] The British Colonial officials were "thinking of Jews" in matters of immigration as we will see later in some detail.</span></div>
<div style="background-color: white;">
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica;">But the British Government, which recorded comings and goings within Palestine, occasionally was forced by its prevalence to give mention to the "illegal Arab immigration."[37] The movement, however, was underestimated and minimized, deemed "casual," and was never introduced as a factor in determining the population increase in the portion of Palestine area being settled by the Jews:</span></div>
<blockquote style="background-color: white;">
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica;">In addition to this increase by recorded immigration, a number of persons are known to enter Palestine <i>illegally</i> from both adjacent and European countries and to remain there permanently.[38]</span></blockquote>
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial,Helvetica;">In fact, in some instances the conclusion that Jews were increasing through immigration while Arabs were increasing only through natural increase was alleged in the same reports which observed elsewhere in their pages that "considerable" illegal Arab immigration was indeed proceeding without restriction or record from such areas as Syria, Egypt, Trans-Jordan, and Lebanon, among others.[39]</span><span style="background-color: white;"></span><br />
<div style="background-color: white;">
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica;">Most Government acknowledgments of <i>Arab </i>"illegal immigration" were concealed from recognition by the cryptic nonspecific heading of "Unrecorded Illegal Immigration" or were obscured by discussion of "Jews and Arabs" together.[40] When "illegal entry" of <i>Arabs </i>was recognized separately in that regard, invariably the report in question would note that the volume "must be insignificant."[41]</span></div>
<div style="background-color: white;">
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica;">Although the Jewish "illegal" immigration -- comparatively small until Hitler rose to power in the 1930's -- was meticulously recorded, minutely detailed, and later even estimated in advance and deducted from the government's strict Jewish quota, the references to Arab "illegal immigration" were always presented ambiguously.[42] Almost without exception, the matter was obscured, negated, and overwhelmed by preponderant concentration on Jewish immigration as the primary issue.</span><br /> </div>
<h3 style="background-color: white;">
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica;">Hints of Substantial Unrecorded Immigration</span></h3>
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial,Helvetica;">It was while studying documents pertinent to Palestine among the Winston Churchill papers[43] that the author first noticed a statement that challenged the very foundation of the current claim that Jewish settlement in Palestine had caused the uprooting of hundreds of thousands of Arabs.[44] Churchill said in 1939,</span><span style="background-color: white;"></span><br />
<blockquote style="background-color: white;">
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica;">... So far from being persecuted, the Arabs have crowded into the country and multiplied till their population has increased more than even all world Jewry could lift up the Jewish population.[45]</span></blockquote>
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial,Helvetica;">For the British statesman -- a veteran of the first days in Britain's administration of the Mandate -- to make that statement, surely he had to have become aware of significant evidence to back his assertion. And indeed, buried by the more recent propaganda campaign, politically targeted "fact sheets" distributed by organs of the United Nations and the Palestine Liberation Organization, and the gospel according to the British Foreign Office, substantial evidence does exist to support Churchill's challenge of the Arab propaganda.</span><span style="background-color: white;"></span><br />
<div style="background-color: white;">
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica;">For example, according to the <i>Minutes </i>of the Permanent Mandates Commission of the League of Nations,[46]<i> La Syrie </i>had published, on August 12, 1934, an interview with Tewfik Bey El-Hurani, Governor of the Hauran. Governor El-Hurani stated that <i>"In the last few months </i>from 30,000 to 36,000 Hauranese [Syrian] had <i>entered Palestine and settled there</i>."</span></div>
<div style="background-color: white;">
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica;">The Mandates Commission -- which was overseer to all League of Nations Mandatory Administrations -- took special "note" in its <i>Minutes </i>of the fact that the Hauranese, not merely passing through, had indeed "settled." Yet no official account of that important wave of Arabs who entered illegally appears in British immigration records.</span></div>
<div style="background-color: white;">
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica;">In "private" and "secret" British correspondence files, however, there were innumerable references to Syrians from the Hauran district "admitted" freely to "Palestine" "without passport or visa"[47] from the beginning of the British Mandate after World War I and consistently into the 1940s .[48] British reports were at times obliged by the prevalence of "Syrian countrymen in Palestine" to acknowledge the "illegal ... large proportion of Arab immigrants from the Hauran."[49]</span></div>
<div style="background-color: white;">
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica;">But the data quoted from directly above were not included in any official report until after extensive evidence had been given in 1937 [See Chapter 14] and consequent pressure exerted by the Permanent Mandates Commission.[50] Even then, in that belated acknowledgment, the recorded "number of Hauranis illegally in the country" was grossly underestimated." Some of them had "fled" back to Syria and elsewhere to avoid prosecution for violence in the riots of 1936 -- but that factor will be examined later, along with more detailed evidence of the British policy of benign blinking.</span></div>
<div style="background-color: white;">
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica;">The Permanent Mandates Commission had also addressed the incidence of illegal Arab immigrants from "Trans-Jordan." Its members had spoken of "free admission of TransJordanians into Palestine," which might "lead to abuse" since a number of them "remained in the country"; the Commission had indicated Arab illegal immigration from other countries as well, all of which is addressed in following pages.</span></div>
<div style="background-color: white;">
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica;">For the moment, however, we turn back to the Syrian-Haurani influx, of "thirty to thirty-six thousand" Arab illegal immigrants from one area in just "a few months" of 1934, verified by an official international document and attested to by a Syrian leader.</span></div>
<div style="background-color: white;">
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica;">That is, from spring to summer of 1934, from just one area in only one of the many depressed neighboring Arab countries from which impoverished citizens were known to be emigrating into Palestine-particularly into the Jewish-settled portion of the country-an Arab official's unequivocal report indicated that<i>more Arabs illegally entered and remained in Palestine than the total number of Jews for twice that length of time in 1934 who were "approved" to immigrate into their designated "Jewish National Home. </i>"[52] Yet the official British record of immigration to Palestine for the entire year of 1934[53] reports "recorded immigration" of just 1,784 "non-Jews," with only about 3,000 as "travelers remaining illegally," and those figures supposedly included Arab immigrants from all points into all of Palestine.</span></div>
<div style="background-color: white;">
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica;">Although carefully categorized records were kept for age groups, occupations, amount of capital, etc. of those Jews who immigrated, there was no specific accounting of the "non-Jews" in the official reports. None except for one phenomenon -- despite the mandatory government's rigorous application of immigration laws for Jews and the official winking at the incidence of Arab illicit entry, the number of "non-Jews" recorded as having been "deported for immigration offences" was more than twice as great as the number of Jews.[54] The question arises: if there were so many illegal Arab immigrants that even an official policy which concentrated almost solely on limiting Jews was forced to identify and deport more than twice as many Arabs as Jews, then is it not possible or even likely that the number of illegal Arab immigrants had to be so much larger than recorded that it constituted a massive wave of entry?</span></div>
<div style="background-color: white;">
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica;">Yet, in autumn of 1934 the Palestine High Commissioner stated that during that year "We do not consider that the numbers of those illegal immigrants exceed 100 per month."[55] In 1935, the number of deportations of non-Jews was even more significant: in a system admittedly overlooking all but the most blatant cases of illicit Arab immigration, the 1935 Annual Report stated that of 2,455 deported, 2,152 were "<i>non-Jews</i>. "[56]</span></div>
<div style="background-color: white;">
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica;">Churchill's recognition of massive Arab immigration into Palestine was confirmed by many, including the British Governor of the Sinai from 1922 to 1936, who wryly observed that</span></div>
<blockquote style="background-color: white;">
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica;">This illegal immigration was not only going on from the Sinai, but also from Transjordan and Syria and it is very difficult to make a case out for the misery of the Arabs if at the same time their compatriots from adjoining states could not be kept from going in to share that misery.[57]</span></blockquote>
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial,Helvetica;">Nonetheless, Arab leaders and their British supporters attempted to make exactly that case. In order to appease the small but powerful Arab <i>effendi </i>community, the Mandatory power began imposing stricter limitations upon Jewish immigration.</span><span style="background-color: white;"></span><br />
<div style="background-color: white;">
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica;">While counting the newly arrived Arab illicit immigrants as indigenous deeply rooted Palestinians, the Biltish explained that it was the Jews who were flooding the country beyond its "absorptive capacity" and crowding out Arabs. The Hope Simpson Report of 1930 announced its seminal conclusion that Arabs were being "displaced" by Jews, even though in its own pages the report revealed that there was an <i>uncontrolled influx of illegal Arab immigrants from Egypt, Trans-Jordan and Syria</i>.[58]</span></div>
<div style="background-color: white;">
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica;">Speaking unmistakably of "<i>other </i>than Jewish labour," the report states</span></div>
<blockquote style="background-color: white;">
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica;">The Chief Immigration Officer has brought to notice that illicit immigration through Syria and across the northern frontier of Palestine is material.[59]</span></blockquote>
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial,Helvetica;">Further, the Report speaks of "the case of the '<i>pseudo-traveller</i>' who comes in with permission for a limited time and<i>continues </i>in Palestine after the term of his permission has expired" as being "present practice," a method that was<i>"injustice</i>" to the Jews.[60]</span><span style="background-color: white;"></span><br />
<div style="background-color: white;">
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica;">The broad implications of that seemingly casual observation within the Hope Simpson Report will become evident in the following pages. If large-scale Arab immigration was a recognized "practice," how could official reports justify a conclusion that only Jewish population was increasing through immigration and forcing out Arabs? If Arabs were incoming also, then might their increase in number be attributable not to the natural increase of natives present since time immemorial on the land, but instead, an increase swelled as importantly-perhaps even more importantly-by immigration than that of the Jews?</span></div>
<div style="background-color: white;">
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica;">One British official conducted an investigation on the "displaced" and "landless" Arab situation. Despite an enormous unrecorded Arab influx-and even adding the illicit Arab immigrant community into the category of "native population" that had supposedly been displaced-the official concluded, after investigating the areas, that the allegation was largely inaccurate, as we will see later from excerpts of his testimony during an official investigation.[61]</span></div>
<div style="background-color: white;">
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica;">The official would be slain shortly thereafter.[62] The land being cleared by Palestinian Jews, for Jewish victims of persecution in Europe, had been and still was being appropriated by Arabs. Yet the White Paper of 1939 was in the works. That legislation by the British at the instigation of the Arabs would so harshly restrict Jewish immigration to Palestine that hundreds of thousands of Jews would be prevented from entering what was to have been their sanctuary and thus be condemned to the fateful inferno of the Nazis. And that White Paper would be justified by the premise that the Jews were usurping the Arabs' places in "Palestine."</span></div>
<div style="background-color: white;">
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica;">According to the British Government's 1937 Report to the League of Nations [63] the number of Arabs in Palestine had indeed soared higher, in Churchill's words, than "even all world Jewry could lift up the Jewish population." Yet this crucial and incompatible evidence went disregarded or unrecognized and was never figured into the political equation of Palestine.[64]</span></div>
<div style="background-color: white;">
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<span style="color: blue;">WHO, OR WHAT, IS A 'PALESTINIAN'? A HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE</span></h3>
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<span style="color: blue;">WHO, OR WHAT, IS A 'PALESTINIAN'? A HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE</span></h1>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-weight: bold;">2000<br /><br />Pal·es·tine</span>: Often called "the Holy Land.". : A historical region of southwest Asia at the eastern end of the Mediterranean Sea and roughly coextensive with modern Israel and the West Bank. Occupied since prehistoric times, it has been ruled by Hebrews, Egyptians, Romans, Byzantines, Arabs, and Turks. A British League of Nations mandate oversaw the affairs of the area from 1920 until 1948, when Israel declared itself a separate state and the West Bank territory was occupied by Jordan. The West Bank was subsequently annexed (1950) by Jordan and occupied (1967) by Israel. In 1988 the Palestine Liberation Organization under Yasir Arafat declared its intention of forming an Arab state of Palestine, probably including the West Bank, the Gaza Strip, and the Arab sector of Jerusalem. The Palestinians achieved limited self-rule in the Gaza Strip and the West Bank in 1993 and 1994.<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">Palestinian:</span> adj : of or relating to the area of Palestine and its inhabitants; "Palestinian guerrillas"<br /> n : a descendant of the Arabs who inhabited Palestine</span><br style="font-family: monospace;" /><br style="font-family: monospace;" /><span style="font-family: monospace; font-size: 13.2px;">The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition</span><br style="font-family: monospace;" /><span style="font-family: monospace; font-size: 13.2px;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-weight: bold;">1988<br /><br />Palestinian: </span>Not listed<br /><br />Barnhart Dictionary of Etymology</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-weight: bold;">1983</span><br style="font-weight: bold;" /><br style="font-weight: bold;" /><span style="font-weight: bold;">Palestinian:</span> n 1. A native or inhabitant of Palestine<br /> 2. Also called Palestinian Arab, an Arab formerly living in Palestine who advocates the establishment of an Arab homeland.<br /><br />Random House Dictionary of the English Language 2nd Edition</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-weight: bold;"><br />1976<br /><br />PALESTINE: </span>n A territory on the eastern coast of the Mediterranean, the country of the Jews in Biblical times. 2. part of this territory, exclusive of Trans-Jordan and parts of Syria under a British mandate after WW1: area 10157 sq miles, population 1,900,000, capital Jerusalem, divided into separate independent Arab and Jewish states by action of the United Nation in 1947: cf Israel: biblical name Canaan, also called Holy Land<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">PALESTINIAN</span>: adj, of Palestine or its people. n. a native or inhabitant of Palestine<br /><br />1976 edition Webster's New World Dictionary College Edition</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-weight: bold;">1967</span><br style="font-weight: bold;" /><span style="font-weight: bold;">Palestinian:</span> adj of or pertaining to Palestine. No noun definition listed<br /><br />Random House Dictionary of the English language</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-weight: bold;">1963</span><br style="font-weight: bold;" /><span style="font-weight: bold;">Palestinian:</span> n a native or inhabitant of Palestine: Israel<br /><br />Webster's Third International Edition</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /><br />But if we check the 1910 Webster dictionary we get<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">Palestinian</span> (a.) Alt. of Palestinean<br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">Palestinian</span> (a.) Of or pertaining to Palestine.<br /><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /><br />I have researched numerous newspaper articles, covering over 150 years, on their use of the word "Palestinian".<br /><br />Following are the headlines, with links to photocopies of the actual articles. <br /><br />Ames Daily Tribune (Ames, Iowa)<br />Appleton Post Crescent (Appleton, Wisconsin)<br />Atlanta Constitution, The (Atlanta, Georgia),<br />Bennington Evening Banner, The (Bennington, Vermont)<br />Berkshire Evening Eagle, The (Pittsfield, Berkshire, Massachusetts)<br />Bluefield Daily Telegraph (Bluefield, West Virginia)<br />Bridgeport Telegram, The (Bridgeport, Connecticut)<br />Cambridge Jeffersonian (Cambridge, Ohio)<br />Charleston Daily Mail, The (Charleston, West Virginia)<br />Chronicle Telegram (Elyria, Ohio)<br />Coshocton Tribune (Coshocton, Ohio)<br />Daily Herald (Delphos, Ohio)<br />Deming Headlight (Deming, New Mexico)<br />Edwardsville Intelligencer (Edwardsville, Illinois)<br />Frederick Post (Frederick, Maryland)<br />Fort Wayne Journal-Gazette, The (Fort Wayne, Indiana)<br />Gettysburg Times (Gettysburg, Pennsylvania)<br />Helena Independent, The (Helena, Montana)<br />Indiana Evening Gazette (Indiana, Pennsylvania)<br />Indianapolis Star, The (Indianapolis, Indiana)<br />Iowa City Press Citizen (Iowa City, Iowa)<br />Iowa Recorder, The (Greene, Iowa)<br />Jackson Sentinel, The (Maquoketa, Iowa)<br />Long Beach Independent (Long Beach, California)<br />Mansfield News (Mansfield, Ohio)<br />Marion Star, The (Marion, Ohio)<br />Montana Standard (Butte, Montana)<br />Nevada State Journal (Reno, Nevada)<br />New York Times, (New York, New York),<br />News (Frederick, Maryland)<br />Olean Democrat (Olean, New York)<br />Petersburg Index, The (Petersburg, Virginia)<br />Reno Evening Gazette (Reno, Nevada)<br />Sheboygan Press (Sheboygan, Wisconsin)<br />Stevens Point Daily Journal (Stevens Point, Wisconsin)<br />Times Recorder, The (Zanesville, Ohio)<br />Traverse City Record Eagle (Traverse City, Michigan)<br />Trenton Times, The (Trenton, New Jersey)<br />Wichita Daily Times (Wichita Falls, Texas)<br /><br /><br /></span></div>
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<big><big><span style="font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">1868-1931</span></span></big></big></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><a href="http://www.shalomjerusalem.com/jerusalem/1868.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration: none;"><span style="text-decoration: underline;">The Petersburg Index, Petersburg Virgini</span></a><a href="http://www.shalomjerusalem.com/jerusalem/1868.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration: none;">a</a><a href="http://www.shalomjerusalem.com/jerusalem/1868.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration: none;"> </a><a href="http://www.shalomjerusalem.com/jerusalem/1868.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration: none;"><span style="text-decoration: underline;">27 May 1868 FEAST OF PENTECOST.</span></a><br />But the significance of the festival does not end here, but takes a wider scope, for whilst its origin and and institution in one sense are exhibited to us in Scripture, there is another and loftier circumstance connected with its observance, which concerns not Israelites alone, but all mankind, which does not limit itself to Palestinian agriculture and a successful reaping of the harvest, but essentially regards the everlasting weal of the whole human race.</span></div>
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<big><big><span style="font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">1882</span></span></big></big></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><a href="http://www.shalomjerusalem.com/jerusalem/1882.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration: none;"><br /><span style="text-decoration: underline;">Reno Evening Gazette Reno Nevada 14 December 1882 CHANUKKAH</span></a><br />Wednesday evening the Jewish festival of Chanukkah was commenced in the houses of worship and residences in the larger cities. This feast, beginning with the 25th day in the 9th month (kislav) has eight days and is celebrated in commemoration of the heroic deeds of the priestly family of Hasmoneans, also called Maccabees, after the surname of their greatest hero Judah,,,who secured the freedom of their religious practices and the independence of the Palestinian Jews.</span></div>
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<big><big><span style="font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">1888</span></span></big></big></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><a href="http://www.shalomjerusalem.com/jerusalem/1888.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration: none;"><br />Olean Democrat Olean New York 02 August 1888 RELIGIOUS GLEANINGS</a><br />Mr Lawrence Oliphant, of literary fame, but also noted for his advocacy of Palestinian colonization, says that Baron Edmund Rothschild's pet colony cost him 50,000 (pounds). Mr Oliphants advice is “send nothing to Palestine but save and collect money for the future and its great changes- a contingency which may be more immediate than may be generally supposed.”</span></div>
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<big><big><span style="font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">1890</span></span></big></big></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><a href="http://www.shalomjerusalem.com/jerusalem/1890.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration: none;"><br />Freeborn County Standard Albert Lea Minnesota 20 March 1890 AN IMPORTANT DISCOVERY</a><br />If, as is said, and we are not yet in a position to speak of it as more than a rumor, the new codex resembles the Sinaitic not only in additional books, that are appended to it- the Epistle of Barnabus and the Shepherd of Hermas- but also in the peculiarities of text, it would seem to be almost a duplicate of the Sinaitic, both forming, perhaps, part of an edition issued for the common use of the Palestinian church.</span></div>
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<big><big><span style="font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">1897</span></span></big></big></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><br />1. <a href="http://www.shalomjerusalem.com/jerusalem/1897.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration: none;">Daily Herald Delphos Ohio 21 July 1897 CURRENT MISCELLANY</a><br />Mrs Lewis, who discovered the manuscripts of the gospels in a Syriac convent on Mount Sinai, has been exploring the convent again in company with her sister, Mrs Gibson, and has examined two Palestinian Syriac service books of the twelfth century, written in the dialect supposed to have spoken by Christ.<br /><tt>2. <a href="http://www.shalomjerusalem.com/jerusalem/1897.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration: none;">The Atlanta Constitution Atlanta Georgia 19 May, 1897 AMERICAN HEBREWS AND ZIONISM</a></tt><tt>"We are Jews by religion; we are a race with a distinct religious mission. For the rest we are identified with the welfare, the greatness and progress of the people with whom we live, and we give the lie to those who say that in our heart of hearts we are PALESTINIANS."</tt></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">In the first five examples, we have PALESTINIAN being used as an adjective, as the 1910 Webster and the 2000 American Heritage dictionaries define. And all five examples refer to either Christian or Jewish contexts.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><tt style="font-weight: bold;">But the last example clearly shows PALESTINIAN as being used as a noun. And it isn't as a</tt><span style="font-weight: bold;">descendant of the Arabs who inhabited Palestine</span><tt><span style="font-weight: bold;">.</span></tt></span></div>
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<big><big><span style="font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">1900</span></span></big></big><div style="text-align: left;">
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">We're in the 20th century now. Surely we are about to find some more of those elusive "PALESTINIANS".<br /><a href="http://www.shalomjerusalem.com/jerusalem/1900.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration: none;"><br />The Atlanta Constitution Atlanta Georgia 14 October 1900 THE SCRIPTURES IN THE LIGHT OF RECENT ARCHAELOGICAL DISCOVERIES,</a><br />"The expedition of the four kings from the east against the five PALESTINIAN kings is confirmed..."<br /></span></div>
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<big><big><span style="font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><br />1901</span></span></big></big></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><a href="http://www.shalomjerusalem.com/jerusalem/1901.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration: none;">The Trenton Times Trenton New Jersey 04 March 1901 ISRAEL OBSERVES FEAST OF PURIM</a><br />The local Zionist will have a mass meeting on Purim night at their hall on South Warren Street, where prominent speakers will address the audience, and Palestinian wine will be served to the public. </span></div>
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<span style="color: #3333ff;"><span style="font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">So far we have only one use of PALESTINIAN as a noun, and every example I could find, except one, uses PALESTINIAN in a Jewish context.</span></span></span></div>
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<big><big><span style="font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">1903</span></span></big></big></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><br />1. <a href="http://www.shalomjerusalem.com/jerusalem/1903.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration: none;">Bluefield Daily Telegraph Bluefield West Virginia </a><a href="http://www.shalomjerusalem.com/jerusalem/1903.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration: none;">16 JANUARY 1903</a><a href="http://www.shalomjerusalem.com/jerusalem/1903.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration: none;">ADVERTISEMENT THE JEWS DO NOT WANT ZION RESESTABLISHED IN PALESTINE</a><br />The greatest blessing in disguise that ever happened to Israel was the overthrow of the Palestinian kingdom and its dispersion throughout the world<br /><br />2. <a href="http://www.shalomjerusalem.com/jerusalem/1903.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration: none;">Delphos Daily Herald Delphos, Ohio 16 October 1903 NEW COLONY FOR JEWS</a><br />"We are still Palestinians. The creation of a community in Palestine is our ultimate goal, and from that purpose we will never depart."</span></div>
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<big><big><span style="font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">1906 </span></span></big></big></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">1. <a href="http://www.shalomjerusalem.com/jerusalem/1906.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration: none;">The Atlanta Constitution Atlanta Georgia 29 January 1906 UNITARIAN,</a><br />"Jesus was a prophet, not an organizer. He was a PALESTINIAN Emerson, a truth scatterer, not a creed-builder"<br /><br />2. <a href="http://www.shalomjerusalem.com/jerusalem/1906.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration: none;">New York Times, New York New York</a><a href="http://www.shalomjerusalem.com/jerusalem/1906.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration: none;"> 14 APRIL 1906 ACTS OF THE APOSTLES</a><br />..while the spirit of the author's later times breathes through his periods and the interest of his own age appear, his work does present to us, in its main outlines, a fairly authentic and exceedingly precious account of the years and deeds of the persons wherein and whereby the Palestinian message of good tidings become a gospel for and in the whole world of men.<br /><br />3. <a href="http://www.shalomjerusalem.com/jerusalem/1906_hebrew.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration: none;">Washington Post Washington District Of Columbia 24 June 1906 WHAT HEBREWS HAVE ACCOMPLISHED</a><br />"They not only became a commercial people, but post PALESTINIAN business forced them to be middlemen in every department"<br /><br /><br />4. <a href="http://www.shalomjerusalem.com/jerusalem/1906.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration: none;">The Fort Wayne Journal-Gazette Fort Wayne Indiana</a><a href="http://www.shalomjerusalem.com/jerusalem/1906.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration: none;"> 16 SEPTEMBER 1906 EXPLORATION OF FORTY YEARS IN PALESTINE</a><br />Here traces of all periods of Palestinian civilization, from the Maccabean age - the castle of Simon Maccabaeus having been discovered- the the neolithic age...</span></div>
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<big><big><span style="font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">1911</span></span></big></big><div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><a href="http://www.shalomjerusalem.com/jerusalem/1911.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration: none;">The Washington Post Washington District Of Columbia 17 January 1911 PREHISTORIC PURE FOOD</a><br />"Dating back to the period of King Ahab, fully 900 BC, these inscriptions are considered to be one of the greatest finds of the Harvard PALESTINIAN expedition..."<br /><br />"the first PALESTINIAN records of this nature to be found"</span></div>
<big><big><span style="font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><br />1914</span></span></big></big></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><a href="http://www.shalomjerusalem.com/jerusalem/1914.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration: none;">The Atlanta Constitution Atlanta Georgia </a><a href="http://www.shalomjerusalem.com/jerusalem/1914.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration: none;">19 JULY 1914<br />MEMORIAL MEETING PLANNED FOR DR HERTZEL</a><br />Already through the aid and the work of the Zionists over 100,000 Jews are living in the Palestinian colonies...<br /> </span></div>
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<big><big><span style="font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">1915</span></span></big></big><div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">1. <a href="http://www.shalomjerusalem.com/jerusalem/1915.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration: none;">The Washington Post Washington District Of Columbia 11 March 1915</a><a href="http://www.shalomjerusalem.com/jerusalem/1915.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration: none;">ZIONISTS GIVE MUCH AID,</a></span><div>
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">"We believe that such action, taken at this time, would do much toward giving stability to the whole work of PALESTINIAN relief, not only in these troubling times, but in a more traquil future as well."<br /><br />2. <a href="http://www.shalomjerusalem.com/jerusalem/1915.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration: none;">Indiana Messenger Indiana Pennsylvania 08 December 1915 DIVIDED INTO SIX RACES,</a><br />"To the northern branch belong the Assyrian and Aramean(or Syrian) and the PALESTINIAN (Hebrew and Phoenician)."</span></div>
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<big><big><span style="font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><br />1916</span></span></big></big><div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><a href="http://www.shalomjerusalem.com/jerusalem/1916.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration: none;">Fort Wayne Journal Gazette Fort Wayne Indiana 24 January 1916 PLAN CONGRESS TO SETTLE STATUS OF JEWS IN ALL THE NATIONS.</a> Sounds like a grand scheme...<br />"Other resolutions presented to the convention dealt with the PALESTINIAN question and the problem of caring for Jewish immigrants to the United States."</span></div>
<big><big><span style="font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><br />1918</span></span></big></big></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">1. <a href="http://www.shalomjerusalem.com/jerusalem/1918.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration: none;">The Atlanta Constitution Atlanta Georgia</a><a href="http://www.shalomjerusalem.com/jerusalem/1918.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration: none;"> 8 MAY 1918 JUDEANS ARE ALLIES, SAYS ITTAMAR BEN AVI</a><br />You owe allegiance to only one flag- the American. And no one knows it better than I, a Palestinian.<br />2. <a href="http://www.shalomjerusalem.com/jerusalem/1918.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration: none;">The Coshocton Tribune, Coshocton Ohio 18 July 1918 SOCIAL JUSTICE IN PALESTINE</a>,<br />"Some time must elapse before it will be possible to organize a self governing PALESTINIAN state and put into effect the plan outlined."<br /><br />3. <a href="http://www.shalomjerusalem.com/jerusalem/1918.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration: none;">Oxnard Courier Oxnard California</a><a href="http://www.shalomjerusalem.com/jerusalem/1918.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration: none;"> 30 JULY 1918 HEBREWS FORMING PALESTINE LEGION</a><br />"There are scores of Russians in Los Angelos who are warm Zionists...partly because of the Palestinian objective. The Allied cause is now their cause."</span></div>
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<big><big><span style="font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><br />1919</span></span></big></big><div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">1. <a href="file:///D:/jerusalem/jerusalem/1919.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration: none;">The Decatur Daily Review Decatur Illinois 04 September 1919 BIG MEET IN CHICAGO </a><br />we find,<br />"Dr Chaym Weitzman,...a member of the PALESTINIAN Commission"<br /><br /><br />2. <a href="http://www.shalomjerusalem.com/jerusalem/1919.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration: none;">The Decatur Review Decatur Illinois 23 September 1919 JEWISH NEW YEAR</a><br />"A few days after the Day of Atonement, the Feast of Succoth or Tabernacles is celebrated during a period of eight days, in commemoration of the ancient PALESTINIAN harvest festival and the wanderings of the Israelites through the wilderness."</span></div>
<big><big><span style="font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><br />1920</span></span></big></big></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">1. <a href="http://www.shalomjerusalem.com/jerusalem/1920.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration: none;">The Chronicle Telegram Elyria Ohio 05 April 1920 ST ANDREWS EPISCIPAL CHURCH</a><br />"The Good Friday offerings amounted to some $35 to be used for relief work in the PALESTINIAN world"</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><br />2. <a href="http://www.shalomjerusalem.com/jerusalem/1920.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration: none;">Iowa City Press Citizen Iowa City Iowa 26 November 1920 JEWS MEET TO WORK OUT PLANS FOR PALESTINE,</a><br />"The supporters of this viewpoint regard the organization as committed to the control by Jews for Jewish people of PALESTINIAN undertakings"<br /><br />3. <a href="http://www.shalomjerusalem.com/jerusalem/1920.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration: none;">The Chronicle Telegram Elyria Ohio</a><a href="http://www.shalomjerusalem.com/jerusalem/1920.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration: none;"> 30 NOVEMBER 1920<br />NEAR EAST ATTRACTS UNITED STATES TRADE</a><br />The American council at Jerusalem sends the following information regarding the trade outlook in the Holy Land.<br /><br />“One of the Palestinian ports will in the future capture a larger part of the trade of the Mediterranean and Western Asia from the Hellespont to Bab-El- Mandeb.<br /> </span></div>
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<big><big><span style="font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><br />1921</span></span></big></big></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">1. <a href="http://www.shalomjerusalem.com/jerusalem/1921.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration: none;">Gettysburg Times Gettysburg Pennsylvania 03 NOVEMBER 1921 SCHOOLS FOR PALESTINE reports,</a><br />"The American University in Beirut, Syria is the only place open to PALESTINIANS seeking higher education"<br /><br />2. <a href="http://www.shalomjerusalem.com/jerusalem/1921.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration: none;">Nevada State Journal Reno Nevada</a><a href="http://www.shalomjerusalem.com/jerusalem/1921.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration: none;"> 5 JUNE 1921 ZIONIST DISTRICTS TO HAVE CONVENTION</a><br />American leaders, headed by Judge Julian W Mack of New York, contend that the activities of the Keren Hayesod, or Palestine Foundation Fund, be limited to a donation fund, to be paid to the executive of the World Zionist Organization, to be expended by the latter body only in Palestine and only in accordance with the Palestinian budget.<br />3. <a href="http://www.shalomjerusalem.com/jerusalem/1921.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration: none;">The Wichita Daily Times,Wichita Falls, Texas</a><a href="http://www.shalomjerusalem.com/jerusalem/1921.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration: none;"> 19 DECEMBER 1921<br />OBSERVANCE OF JEWISH 'FEAST OF DEDICATION' TO START NEXT SUNDAY</a><br />Under the leadership of the aged priest and his sons, of whom Judah is the most famous, the Palestinian Jews threw themselves against the armies of Syria.<br /></span></div>
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<big><big><span style="font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">1922 </span></span></big></big><div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">1. <a href="http://www.shalomjerusalem.com/jerusalem/1922.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration: none;">The Kingsport Times Kingsport Tennessee 14 March ARABIAN PEOPLE ARE MORE HOPEFUL,</a><br />"Their delegates have roamed Europe in an endeavor to influence public opinion in favor of Palestine for the PALESTINIANS"</span><hr style="height: 2px; width: 520px;" />
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<span style="color: #3333ff;"><span style="font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">AFTER ALL THESE YEARS WE HAVE PALESTINIAN BEING USED BY ARABS TO DESCRIBE THEMSELVES. AND DO YOU NOTICE THAT THEY ARE ALREADY ATTEMPTING TO STEAL THE WORD FOR THEMSELVES.</span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><br />2. <a href="http://www.shalomjerusalem.com/jerusalem/1922.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration: none;">The Kingsport Times Kingsport Tennesse 1 April ARABS CLASH WITH ZIONIST FANCTIONS</a> we get a glimpse into the ongoing clash that is still occurring in Israel today,</span></div>
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">"He pointed to the example of Malta as one in which PALESTINIANS would be glad to emulate"<br /><br /><br />3. <a href="http://www.shalomjerusalem.com/jerusalem/1922.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration: none;">The Kingsport Times Kingsport Tennessee 12 April AMERICAN TOURISTS INFEST PALESTINE</a> (how is that for a title?),<br />"It is estimated that PALESTINIANS will as a result benefit financially by a sum of not less than $500,000"</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /><br />4. <a href="http://www.shalomjerusalem.com/jerusalem/1922.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration: none;">News Frederick Maryland</a><a href="http://www.shalomjerusalem.com/jerusalem/1922.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration: none;"> 11 DECEMBER 1922 FEAST OF DEDICATION</a><br />These epochal events in the stirring year 168-165 BC recount the valor and heroism of a few Palestinian Jews...</span></div>
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<big><big><span style="font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">1923</span></span></big></big></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><a href="http://www.shalomjerusalem.com/jerusalem/1923.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration: none;">Reno Evening Gazette Reno Nevada </a><a href="http://www.shalomjerusalem.com/jerusalem/1923.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration: none;">6 NOVEMBER 1923 THE DISCOVERIES AT BEISAN</a><br />The Hebrew writers wrote quite fully upon this subject, but in the days when the Bible was written there existed traditions which were assumed to be known by all. To some extent these have been preserved in the Talmud, but not all by any means, and it is for this reason that every inscription, every roll of papyrus that alludes to the Palestinian inhabitants</span></div>
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<big><big><span style="font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">1924</span></span></big></big><div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">1. <a href="http://www.shalomjerusalem.com/jerusalem/1924.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration: none;">Reno Evening Gazette Reno Nevada 13 March 1924 HUSSEIN IS CHOSEN CALIPH BY MEN IN PALESTINE</a><br />"A great PALESTINIAN delegation composed of Muftis, cadis, ulemas, sheiks and other notables took part"<br /><br />2. <a href="http://www.shalomjerusalem.com/jerusalem/1924.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration: none;">The Chronicle Telegram Elyria Ohio 29 MAY 1924 WORLD RELIGIOUS NEWS</a><br />"The ruins of an old synagogue in Caperneum, the PALESTINIAN village where Jesus first preached"<br /><br /><br />3. <a href="http://www.shalomjerusalem.com/jerusalem/1924.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration: none;">The Washington Post Washington District Of Columbia 15 July 1924 ENTIRE TRIBE SEEKS TO RETURN</a><br />"An entire tribe of Bedouins...has applied to the PALESTINIAN government to help it return to Judaism"<br /><br /><br />4. <a href="http://www.shalomjerusalem.com/jerusalem/1924.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration: none;">Indianapolis Star Indianapolis Indiana 06 JULY 1924 MOTOR TRANSPORT HIGHLY DEVELOPED reports</a>Motor traffic, insignificant in Palestine before the war, is today more developed than in most European countries, due to the system of excellent roads constructed by the British government and the Palestine Foundation fund, according to a report from Jerusalem...<br /><br />Recently motor connections were established between Haifa, Palestine's principal seaport, and Baghdad...which has opened this vast hinterland to for the sale of Palestinian products.<br /><br /><br />5. <a href="http://www.shalomjerusalem.com/jerusalem/1924.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration: none;">The Washington Post Washington District Of Columbia 23 July 1924 PALESTINIANS OPPOSE ANGLO-HEDJAZ TREATIES,</a><br />"PALESTINIAN ARABS"</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><a href="http://www.shalomjerusalem.com/jerusalem/1924.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration: none;">29 MAY 1924 WORLD RELIGIOUS NEWS</a><br />The ruins of an old synagogue in Capernaum, the Palestinian village where Jesus first preached to the Jews...<br /><br /></span></div>
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<big><big><span style="font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">1925</span></span></big></big></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><a href="http://www.shalomjerusalem.com/jerusalem/1925.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration: none;">1. </a><a href="http://www.shalomjerusalem.com/jerusalem/1925.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration: none;">The Bridgeport Telegram Bridgeport Connecticut 10 December SYRIAN EMISSARY ASKS LEAGUE TO STOP BLOODSHED,</a><br />"One purports to be the copy of a dispatch to the League of Nations from the Syro-PALESTINIAN Congress "</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><br />2. <a href="http://www.shalomjerusalem.com/jerusalem/1925.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration: none;">Mansfield News Mansfield Ohio</a><a href="http://www.shalomjerusalem.com/jerusalem/1925.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration: none;"> 31 DECEMBER 1925 'JESUS NO MYTH, BUT NO MORE THAN MAN, RABBI EXPLAINS IN SPEECH THAT CAUSED JEWS TO CRITICIZE</a><br />The third thesis in Klaussner's book, ...is that Jesus was a man and a Jew, that he was a young Palestinian Jew.</span></div>
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<big><big><span style="font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><br />1926</span></span></big></big></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><br />1. <a href="http://www.shalomjerusalem.com/jerusalem/1926.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration: none;">Coshocton Tribune Coshocton Ohio</a><a href="http://www.shalomjerusalem.com/jerusalem/1926.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration: none;"> 23 FEBRUARY 1926 DAILY LETTER (JERUSALEM) BY G. AGRONSKY</a><br />Elections to the second Jewish National Assembly were concluded with a decided victory to the Labourites...<br />Equal suffrage was a unique feature of the polling, thirteen women candidates being returned. Palestinian women have as yet not learned how to use their vote...<br /><br />2. <a href="http://www.shalomjerusalem.com/jerusalem/1926.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration: none;">The Helena Independent Helena Montana 21 March CONQUERING THE DESERT BETWEEN CAIRO AND JERUSALEM,</a><br />"The trip was made in a Studebaker Big Six Duplex_Phaeton by E Hugh Cook, accompanied by Aref, a PALESTINIAN driver..."<br /><br />3. <a href="http://www.shalomjerusalem.com/jerusalem/1926.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration: none;">The Chronicle Telegram Elyria Ohio 25 June REFORMS ORDERED BY MUSTAPHA KEMAL GIVING MODERN TOUCH TO NEAR EAST,</a><br />"Constantinople has long been a marraige mart for wealthy PALESTINIAN Musselmens..."</span></div>
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<big><big><span style="font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><br />1927</span></span></big></big><div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><a href="http://www.shalomjerusalem.com/jerusalem/1927_1928.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration: none;">The Helena Independent Helena Montana 05 January PALESTINIANS HOLD PRETENTIOUS PARTY,</a><br />"PALESTINIANS hold pretentious party"</span></div>
<big><big><span style="font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /><br />1928</span></span></big></big><div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><a href="http://www.shalomjerusalem.com/jerusalem/1927_1928.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration: none;">Pennsylvania Clearfield Clearfield Progress 28 February PALESTINE'S COMMON SIGHT SHOW WONDER OF GOSPEL,</a>"Yet these PALESTINIAN peasants represent a wonder of the world...These were the very sort of men who became the twelve apostles."<a href="file:///D:/jerusalem/jerusalem/1927_1928.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration: none;"><br /></a></span></div>
<big><big><span style="font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /><br />1929</span></span></big></big><div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">1. <a href="http://www.shalomjerusalem.com/jerusalem/1929.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration: none;">Ironwood Daily Globe Ironwood, Michigan 15 APRIL 1929 PARTY CRUISING DEAD SEA LONG OVERDUE</a><br />"The missing numbered 12 in all, and included Harry Sacher, member of the PALESTINIAN Zionist executive committee"<br /><br />2. <a href="http://www.shalomjerusalem.com/jerusalem/1929.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration: none;">Havre Daily News Havre Montana 14 JULY 1929 TWELVE FOUNDATION STONES,</a><br />"Twelve foundation stones...were laid with old Jewish observance for the buildings which are to house the Jewish departments of the PALESTINIAN administration"<br /><br />3. <a href="http://www.shalomjerusalem.com/jerusalem/1929.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration: none;">The Morning Call Laurel Mississippi 01 SEPTEMBER 1929 JEWISH EDITOR BLAMES BRITISH FOR ARAB RIOTS,</a><br />"The impression was cred through a series of acts by the Palestine government, espcially with reference to the Wailing Wall incident that the PALESTINIAN officials were leaning towards the Arabs"<br /><br />4. <a href="http://www.shalomjerusalem.com/jerusalem/1929.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration: none;">Appleton Post Crescent Appleton Wisconsin 13 SEPTEMBER 1929_LABOR ASKS JEWS OF OTHER PARTIES FOR HOLY WAR AID</a>While the whole world is demanding the early restoration of order in the Holy Land, the English Labor Party has turned for aid to four prominent British Jews who are members of opposition parties...<br /><br />Lord Melchett has been much interested in the Zionist colonies in Palestine, and as a great businessman, has especially helped the attempts to establish Palestinian industries.<br /><br />5.<a href="http://www.shalomjerusalem.com/jerusalem/1929.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration: none;"> Ironwood Daily Globe Ironwood, Michigan 18 SEPTEMBER 1929 DEFENSE IN PALESTINE</a><br />"In the events now taking place in the Near East...is to be found a solid justification of the supervision of PALESTINIAN affairs by a great power"<br /><br />6. <a href="http://www.shalomjerusalem.com/jerusalem/1929.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration: none;">Appleton Post Crescent Appleton Wisconsin 12 October 1929 HUM OF INDUSTRY,</a><br />"Major Tulloch, a British engineer, and Novemeysky, a PALESTINIAN chemist"</span></div>
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<big><big><span style="font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">1930</span></span></big></big></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">1. <a href="http://www.shalomjerusalem.com/jerusalem/1930.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration: none;">Chronicle Telegram Elyria Ohio 05 FEBRUARY 1930 CROWDS GROWING AT U.P. CHURCH MEETINGS</a><br />"This evening at 7:30 he will deal with another unconditional covenant that God made with the Jews, 'the PALESTINIAN Covenant'"<br /><br />2. <a href="http://www.shalomjerusalem.com/jerusalem/1930.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration: none;">Chronicle Telegram Elyria Ohio 06 FEBRUARY 1930 MEEKER SPEAKS,</a></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">"Reverend Meeker held the attention of his audiance last night...from the start to the finish of his most interesting address on the 'PALESTINIAN Covenant God Made With The Jews and which He will fulfull in His time'"</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /><br /><br />3. <a href="http://www.shalomjerusalem.com/jerusalem/1930.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration: none;">Decatur Daily Review Decatur Illinois 02 DECEMBER 1930 PALESTINE AND PASSFIELD,</a><br />"Furthermore, in his estimate of the number of acres of PALESTINIAN acres needed to support each Arab family, he stupidly included the tens of thousands of Arabs,-indeed I believe the hundreds of thousands of Arabs- who dwell in the desert and rarely come to the PALESTINIAN territory"<br /></span></div>
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<big><big><span style="font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">1931</span></span></big></big></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">1. <a href="http://www.shalomjerusalem.com/jerusalem/1931.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration: none;">The Charleston Daily Mail Charleston West Virginia</a><a href="http://www.shalomjerusalem.com/jerusalem/1931.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration: none;"> 22 FEBRUARY 1931<br />VIEWS OF EINSTEIN ABOUT ZIONISM ARE PUBLISHED IN BOOK</a><br />'The real tragedy from recent Palestinian events is that “they have estranged the two peoples and made it temporarily more difficult for them to approach one another.”<br /><br />2. <a href="http://www.shalomjerusalem.com/jerusalem/1931.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration: none;">The Helena Independent Helena Montana</a><tt><a href="http://www.shalomjerusalem.com/jerusalem/1931.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration: none;"> 6 DECEMBER 1931<br />THE HASKIN LETTER THE TASK OF HADDASSAH</a><br />As a part of the educational work, the Hadassah has organized the Palestinian health Scouts among the school children.</tt></span></div>
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<tt><big><big><span style="font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">1932</span></span></big></big></tt></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">1. <a href="http://www.shalomjerusalem.com/jerusalem/1932.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration: none;">The Helena Independent Helena Montana 03 January 1932 DR ELLIS SUNDAY SCHOOL LESSON,</a><br />"For example, Dr James Montgomery,...has proved, by a study of the words used, that the author must have been a PALESTINIAN Jew... "<br /><br /><br />2. <a href="http://www.shalomjerusalem.com/jerusalem/1932.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration: none;">Appleton Post Crescent Appleton Wisconsin 13 January 1932 THREE ROBBERS TORTURE RABBI TO FORCE HIM TO SURRENDER MONEY</a><br />"Abraham Edwy, a PALESTINIAN rabbi"<br /><br /><br />3. <a href="http://www.shalomjerusalem.com/jerusalem/1932.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration: none;">Chronicle Telegram Elyria Ohio 28 January 1932 MOSLEMS URGE UNIFICATION AT WORLD SESSION</a><br /><tt>Resolutions finally adopted included: ...to boycott in all Moslem lands Jewish merchandise produced in Palestine factories, to proclaim to the world that Zionism is a catastrophe for Moslems,...and to inform the world that Palestinian Moslems desire independence.</tt><br /><br /><br />4. <a href="http://www.shalomjerusalem.com/jerusalem/1932.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration: none;">Sheboygan Press Sheboygan Wisconsin 20 February 1932 VP CURTIS AND SENATOR WRITE TO LOCAL MAN,</a><br />"...in which the writers express their willingness and pleasure to serve upon the American PALESTINIAN Committee"<br /><br /><br /><br />5. <a href="http://www.shalomjerusalem.com/jerusalem/1932.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration: none;">The Charleston Daily Mail Charleston West Virginia 24 February 1932 JEWISH OLYMPICS SET FOR MARCH 29,</a><br />"The impetus for the Jewish Olympics come from the organization of 'Maccabi', which in 35 years has become world-wide and numbers more than 35,000 members. The members of the Maccabi hope to develop athletes of their own and enter them in the international Olympics of 1936 as PALESTINIANS"</span></div>
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<tt><big><big><span style="font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">1933</span></span></big></big></tt><div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">1. <a href="http://www.shalomjerusalem.com/jerusalem/1933.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration: none;">Mansfield News Mansfield Ohio 08 June GERMAN JEWS SEEK TO LEAVE,</a><br />"Jaffe says that half the Jewish population of Germany is registering with the PALESTINIAN office"<br /><br /><br /><br />2. <a href="http://www.shalomjerusalem.com/jerusalem/1933.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration: none;">The Helena Independent Helena Montana 06 August DR ELLIS SUNDAY SCHOOL LESSON,</a><br />"At their recent convention the Junior Hadassah reports for the year a contribution of $35,452.50 toward its three PALESTINIAN projects..."<br /><br /><br /><br />3.<a href="http://www.shalomjerusalem.com/jerusalem/1933.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration: none;"> Stevens Point Daily Journal Stevens Point Wisconsin 20 September HADASSAH REPORTS,</a><br />"When frontiers were more open than they are now, it was usage of PALESTINIANS to go 'to the east' as they did in the days of Ruth."</span></div>
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<tt><big><big><span style="font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">1934</span></span></big></big></tt><div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">1. <a href="http://www.shalomjerusalem.com/jerusalem/1934.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration: none;">Gettysburg Compiler Gettysburg Pennsylvania 10 March 1934 MERRILL HIATT SPEAKS AT FRIENDS MEETING AT FLORA DALE ON SUNDAY,</a><br />"he said, explaining that the very poor soil and the long dry season produce a food supply barely sufficient for the scant million population, the greater part is Arab, or PALESTINIAN as they prefer to be called."<br /><br /><br /><br />2. <a href="http://www.shalomjerusalem.com/jerusalem/1934.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration: none;">The Charleston Daily Mail Charleston West Virginia 15 April 1934 MEETINGS SCHEDULED,</a><br /><tt>"The Charleston chapter of Hadassah and the Charleston chapter of the Zionist Organization will meet at 8 o'clock...The program will include a talk on Zionism...and a group of young boys will sing Palestinian songs."</tt><br /><br />3. <a href="http://www.shalomjerusalem.com/jerusalem/1934.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration: none;">Sheboygan Press Sheboygan Wisconsin 22 May 1934 NOTED ZIONIST LEADER WILL SPEAK AT MASS MEETING</a><br />"Dr David Rebelsky, noted orator and one of the foremost leaders in the PALESTINIAN movement."<br /><br /><br />4. <a href="http://www.shalomjerusalem.com/jerusalem/1934.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration: none;">Chronicle Telegram Elyria Ohio 18 July 1934 TODAY IS THE DAY,</a><br />"This is...St Symphorosa's Day among Greek Catholics (She was a PALESTINIAN marytr better known as mother of the Macabees)"<br /><br /><br />5. <a href="http://www.shalomjerusalem.com/jerusalem/1934.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration: none;">Montana Standard Butte Montana 28 July 1934 PALESTINIAN ACTORS WORK,</a><br /><tt>The Palestinian Players, ...are all recruited from the peasants of Palestine...Mme Daganith, one of the principles, was discovered by Moshe Dalevy...</tt><br /><br /><br />6. <a href="http://www.shalomjerusalem.com/jerusalem/1934christmas.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration: none;">Chronicle Telegram Elyria Ohio 17 December 1934 CHRISTMAS IN THE HOLY LAND,</a><br />"but I was offered the possibility of seeing Bethlehem and Jerusalem through the guidance of a native PALESTINIAN whose family had lived for eight centuries in Jaffa"</span></div>
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<tt><big><big><span style="font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">1935</span></span></big></big></tt></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">1. <a href="http://www.shalomjerusalem.com/jerusalem/1935.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration: none;">The Marion Star Marion Ohio</a><tt><a href="http://www.shalomjerusalem.com/jerusalem/1935.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration: none;"> 13 MARCH 1935 IMPORTANT BIBLICAL DISCOVERY MADE</a><br />...since the names of famous Israelites of that period who are mentioned in the Bible also occur in the tablets. The find is regarded by Palestinian archaeologists as one of the most valuable ever.</tt>2. <a href="http://www.shalomjerusalem.com/jerusalem/1935.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration: none;">Indiana Evening Gazette Indiana Pennsylvania</a><tt><a href="http://www.shalomjerusalem.com/jerusalem/1935.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration: none;"> 10 APRIL 1935 ZIONISTS IN CONFERENCE</a><br />...Mr Samuel then began to speak of the growing necessity to strengthen the agency for the redemption of the Palestinian soil, the Jewish National Fund.</tt><br />3. <a href="http://www.shalomjerusalem.com/jerusalem/1935.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration: none;">The Helena Independent Helena Montana</a><tt><a href="http://www.shalomjerusalem.com/jerusalem/1935.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration: none;"> 24 DECEMBER 1935 (JERUSALEM)<br />JEWS IN HOLY LAND IN ROW WITH BRITS</a><br />The communique states if any section of the Palestinian population refuses to participate...</tt></span></div>
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<tt><big><big><span style="font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">1936</span></span></big></big></tt></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">1. <a href="http://www.shalomjerusalem.com/jerusalem/1936.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration: none;">Sheboygan Press Sheboygan Wisconsin 17 April 1936 NEW SUNDAY ABC PROGRAMS ARE SCHEDULED OVER WHBL</a><br />"A new Sunday evening feature is to be found in 'The PALESTINIANS who will present Dramatized Bible Stories from the field og Biblical lore"<br /><br /><br />2. <a href="http://www.shalomjerusalem.com/jerusalem/1936.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration: none;">Deming Headlight Deming New Mexico 26 June 1936 THE DAY OF PENTECOST</a><br />"<tt> Paul found almost everywhere he went devout Jews who had already wandered far from their Palestinian homeland in pursuit of their various occupations.</tt>"<br /><br /><br />3. <a href="http://www.shalomjerusalem.com/jerusalem/1936.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration: none;">The Charleston Daily Mail Charleston West Virginia 30 September 1936 TROUBLE IN PALESTINE</a><br />"<tt> In theory, when Great Britain took over the Palestinian Mandate...it seemed perfectly possible to reconsile the aspirations of the Jews with the welfare of the Arabs.</tt>"<br /><br />4. <a href="http://www.shalomjerusalem.com/jerusalem/1936.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration: none;">The Iowa Recorder Greene Iowa 11 November 1936 CHRISTIAN FAITH</a><br />"There were in Jerusalem at that time certain Jews who had known Paul during his missionary elsewhere and they stirred the animosity of the PALESTINIAN Jews against Paul"<br /><br /><br />5. <a href="http://www.shalomjerusalem.com/jerusalem/1936.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration: none;">The Marion Star Marion Ohio 08 December 1936 JEWISH WOMEN HEAR TALK ON ENGLISH FURORE</a><br />"Mrs Fred Johnson spoke to the Marion Council of Jewish Women at a luncheon meeting yesterday at Hotel Harding of the effect of the possible abdication of King Edward on the PALESTINIAN mandate, "<br /><tt><br /></tt></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><tt><big><big><span style="font-weight: bold;">1937</span></big></big></tt></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">1. <a href="http://www.shalomjerusalem.com/jerusalem/1937.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration: none;">Michigan Ironwood Ironwood Daily Globe 27 March LITTLE HOPE OF PEACE FOR THE HOLY LAND DWELLERS</a><br />"Almost from the first difficulties arose. Prior to the war Arab Christian, Arab Moslems and PALESTINIAN Jews lived in more or less peaceful relations"<br /><br /><br />2. <a href="http://www.shalomjerusalem.com/jerusalem/1937.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration: none;">Reno Evening Gazette Reno Nevada 29 December 1937 PALESTINIAN STRIFE MENACES JEWS FUTURE</a><br />"If the British government, in the Palestinian dispute between the Arabs and the Zionist Jews, does not make a settlement agreeable to the Arabs, it is liable to find other Arab lands will expel from their territories the Jews now living there in peace."<br /><span style="font-weight: bold;"><br /></span></span></div>
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<big><big><span style="font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">1938</span></span></big></big></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><br />1. <a href="http://www.shalomjerusalem.com/jerusalem/1938a.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration: none;">The Charleston Daily Mail Charleston West Virginia 13 February 1938 JUNIOR HADDASSAHS</a><br />"Mrs Miriam Winston...has announced that the local unit will hold a formal dinner-dance...the proceeds to be added to organization's Palestinian fund"<br /><br />2. <a href="http://www.shalomjerusalem.com/jerusalem/1938b.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration: none;">The Helena Independent, Helena, Montana </a><a href="http://www.shalomjerusalem.com/jerusalem/1938b.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration: none;">17 APRIL 1938 </a><a href="http://www.shalomjerusalem.com/jerusalem/1938b.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration: none;">PALESTINE'S NEW SEAPORT</a><span style="font-weight: bold;"><br /></span>The new city is thoroughly modern. It could not be mistaken for the little town of Bethlehem or any typical Palestinian community...<br /><br />3. <a href="http://www.shalomjerusalem.com/jerusalem/1938b.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration: none;">Gettysburg Times Gettysburg Pennsylvania 05 July GIANTS OF ANCIENT DAYS</a><br />"American studies of college men and women indicate that heighth and size are a matter of food. With the diets available long ago, these old PALESTINIANS might truly rate as giants "<br /><br />4. <a href="http://www.shalomjerusalem.com/jerusalem/1938a.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration: none;">Coshocton Tribune Coshocton Ohio 09 July 1938 TROOPS SPEED TO RESCUE GARRISON</a><br />"British troops and Palestinian policemen were dispatched today to the rescue of a police garrison at Sweframr, near Haifa,"<br /><br />5. <a href="http://www.shalomjerusalem.com/jerusalem/1938B.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration: none;">Chronicle Telegram Elyria Ohio 26 July 1938 ARABS STRIKE IN PROTEST OF BOMB EXPLOSION</a><br />"British soldiers and Palestinian policemen remained on emergency duty"<br /><br />6. <a href="http://www.shalomjerusalem.com/jerusalem/1938b.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration: none;">Appleton Post Crescent Appleton Wisconsin 19 October MATERIALISM CAUSE OF EVIL IN WORLD</a><br />"Visiting priests crowded the sancristy to watch the Rev Elias Magem of San Antonio, Texas don his vestments for the Mass,which was specially arranged for Syrians and PALESTINIANS of the city"<br /><br />7. <a href="http://www.shalomjerusalem.com/jerusalem/1938a.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration: none;">Appleton Post Crescent Appleton Wisconsin 20 October 1938 UNITED STATES IS DEEPLY CONCERNED ABOUT HOLY LAND</a><br />"Thats why President Roosevelt...is endeavoring to find a way to secure a modification of those policies abroad, which, if unchanged, cannot but effect America's relations with Britain, in the case of Palestinian policy..."<br /><br /><br />8. <a href="http://www.shalomjerusalem.com/jerusalem/1938b.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration: none;">Sheboygan Press Sheboygan Wisconsin 09 November 1938 BRITISH ABANDON PLAN TO PARTITION PALESTINE</a><br />"In addition to Palestinian Arabs,"<br /><br />9. <a href="http://www.shalomjerusalem.com/jerusalem/1938b.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration: none;">Chronicle Telegram Elyria Ohio 07 December 1938 TODAY IN HISTORY</a><br />"1933-200 ton 'Emmanuel' first ship to fly the PALESTINIAN flag for 2000 years and manned by an all-Jewish crew, arrives at Southampton, England"<br /><br />10. <a href="http://www.shalomjerusalem.com/jerusalem/1938a.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration: none;">The Charleston Daily Mail Charleston West Virginia 28 December 1938 PALESTINIAN SCULPTOR</a><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;"><br /></span><br style="font-weight: bold;" /><span style="font-weight: bold;"></span></span></div>
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<big><big><span style="font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">1939</span></span></big></big></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">1. <a href="http://www.shalomjerusalem.com/jerusalem/1939.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration: none;">Appleton Post Crescent Appleton Wisconsin 15 February 1939 ROLE OF WOMEN IN JEWISH LIFE</a><br />"A Palestinian luncheon will precede the program."<br /><br /><br />2. <a href="http://www.shalomjerusalem.com/jerusalem/1939.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration: none;">The Charleston Daily Mail Charleston West Virginia 19 February 1939 THE CASE OF ENGLAND, ARABS AND THE JEWS OF PALESTINE</a><span style="font-weight: bold;"><br /></span>"The Arab Awakening, by George Antonius,...appears at an opportune moment when a conference has been called to reconsider the Palestinian problem"<br /><br /><br />3. <a href="http://www.shalomjerusalem.com/jerusalem/1939.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration: none;">The Edwardsville Intelligencer 27 FEBRUARY 1939 JEWS DON'T LIKE PALESTINE PLAN</a><span style="font-weight: bold;"><br /></span>"A British government proposal for a Palestinian state was denounced by Jews today as a violation of British obligations as a mandatory power and a repudiation of the famous Balfour Declaration"<br /><br /><br />4. <a href="http://www.shalomjerusalem.com/jerusalem/1939.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration: none;">Reno Evening Gazette Reno Nevada 01 March 1939 GENERAL STRIKE THREATENED IN PALESTINE</a><br />"The Jewish Council called on the British and America peoples and the League of Nations to stop the British government's attempts to "blast the hopes of the ancient Jewish people, weary of exile, and yearning for restoration" of a Palestinian homeland."<br /><br /><br />5. <a href="http://www.shalomjerusalem.com/jerusalem/1939.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration: none;">Reno Evening Gazette Reno Nevada 08 March 1939 BRITAIN NOTIFIES ARABS AND JEWS OF FINAL PLAN</a><br />"It was believed therefore that the final plan would not vary much from the British 'suggestion' put to both Jews and Arabs ten days ago, foreshadowing the establishment of an independent Palestinian state in which Jews would form a permanent minority."<br /><br /><br />6. <a href="http://www.shalomjerusalem.com/jerusalem/1939.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration: none;">Chronicle Telegram Elyria Ohio 10 March 1939 ARAB SCHOLAR GIVES TALK AT OBERLIN ON PALESTINE PROBLEM</a><br />"The Palestine problem is not a problem of the Palestinian Arabs, but of the entire Arabian world"<br /><br /><br />7. <a href="http://www.shalomjerusalem.com/jerusalem/1939.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration: none;">Appleton Post Crescent Appleton Wisconsin 22 March 1939 PALESTINIAN SONGS, DANCES PRESENTED AT HADASSAH LUNCH</a><br />" Palestinian folk songs and dances...were presented by Mrs Evelyn Hattis Fox before 125 women at a Palestinian luncheon...under the auspices of the Appleton chapter of Hadassah, womens Zionist organization."<br /><br /><br />8. <a href="http://www.shalomjerusalem.com/jerusalem/1939.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration: none;">Sheboygan Press Sheboygan Wisconsin 06 April 1939 EASTER FINDS HOLY LAND STILL BEREFIT OF PEACE</a><br />"Only a few weeks ago Zionist Jews, Palestinian Arabs and delegates from neighboring Arab states"<br /><br /><br />9. <a href="http://www.shalomjerusalem.com/jerusalem/1939.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration: none;">The Chillicothe Constitution Tribune Chillicothe Missouri 08 April 1939 EASTER FINDS HOLY LAND</a><br />"Only a few weeks ago Zionist Jews, PALESTINIAN Arabs, and delgates from neighboring Arab states sat in conference with Colonial Secretary Malcolm McDonald."<br /><br /><br />10. <a href="http://www.shalomjerusalem.com/jerusalem/1939.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration: none;">Reno Evening Gazette Reno Nevada 16 May 1939 PALESTINE PLAN TO BE PRESENTED TOMORROW</a><br />"Governmental powrs, one by one, would go to the PALESTINIANS as peace and order were restored."</span></div>
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<big><big><span style="font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">1940</span></span></big></big></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">1. <a href="http://www.shalomjerusalem.com/jerusalem/1940b.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration: none;">The Charleston Daily Mail Charleston West Virginia 16 January 1940 SENIOR HADASSAH</a><br />"Mrs Philip Presser will sing a group of Palestinian songs,..."</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><br />2. <a href="http://www.shalomjerusalem.com/jerusalem/1940b.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration: none;">The Charleston Daily Mail Charleston West Virginia 13 February UNIT OF SECOND AUSTRALIAN ARMY REACH PALESTINE BASE</a><br />"The Australians followed a trail blazed by British forces in the near east during the World war. Some of them were PALESTINIANS who had emigrated to Australia after the world war"</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><br />3. <a href="http://www.shalomjerusalem.com/jerusalem/1940b.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration: none;">Gettysburg Times Gettysburg Pennsylvania 13 February 1940 GREATEST STRUGGLE IS BETWEEN DARKNESS AND LIGHT, SAYS PASTOR</a><br />" “As Jesus of Nazarath passed by along the Palestinian road,... "</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><br />4. <a href="http://www.shalomjerusalem.com/jerusalem/1940.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration: none;">The Times Recorder 16 FEBRUARY 1940 (LOCAL COLUMN) DOMER OUTLINE</a><br />"The Herodians were descended from Esau instead of from Jacob as were the Palestinian Jews."</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><br />5. <a href="http://www.shalomjerusalem.com/jerusalem/1940.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration: none;">The Helena Independent 24 FEBRUARY 1940 SOME NOTES ON WAR AND PEACE</a><br />"This collapse (Turkish Empire) had been promoted by the encouragement of a Arab rebellion and a Zionist campaign; these two measures of war had involved somewhat contradictory promises to the Palestinian Arabs and the Zionist Jews."</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><br />6. <a href="http://www.shalomjerusalem.com/jerusalem/1940b.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration: none;">Appleton Post Crescent Appleton Wisconsin 12 March 1940 LENTEN THOUGHTS FOR TODAY</a><br />" Surely the psalmist had been walking through little fields in early Palestinian spring when he made this song about the meaning and promise of a furrow (PSALM 65: 9-13)"</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><br />7. <a href="http://www.shalomjerusalem.com/jerusalem/1940.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration: none;">Gettysburg Times Gettysburg Pennsylvania 21 March 1940 ANNOUNCE CAST FOR PAGEANT</a><br />"The characters follow Jethro, the father; Anna, the mother; Naomi, a daughter;...<br />the scenes all take place in the living room of Jethro, a Palestinian merchant"</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><br />8. <a href="http://www.shalomjerusalem.com/jerusalem/1940.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration: none;">Chronicle Telegram Elyria Ohio 09 April 1940 CLEVELAND RABBI REVIEWS CURRENT BOOK AT TEMPLE</a><br />" At that time Rabbi Rudolph Rosenthal of the Tempple of the Heights in Cleveland reviewed 'The Nazarine' by Sholem Asch. It was very interesting to hear the review from the viewpoint of a rabbi. Later Palestinian movies were shown and refreshments served."</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><br />9. <a href="http://www.shalomjerusalem.com/jerusalem/1940.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration: none;">The Helena Independent 12 MAY 1940 (LONDON) N.E.A WRITER TELLS WHY PEACE HAS COME TO WORRIED PALESTINE<span style="font-weight: bold;">.</span></a><br />"Palestinian Arabs have ceased their war of murder, pillage and terrorism in the Holy Land almost completely because<br />1. They are busy with their crops.<br />2. Money from German sources has ceased to finance the rebellion<br />3. The European war finds the sympathies of most Arabs, like the Palestian Jews, with the Allies...<br />Great surprise has been manifested in western countries that a Palestinian army corps was formed in which Jews and Arabs enrolled voluntarily."</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><br />10. <a href="http://www.shalomjerusalem.com/jerusalem/1940.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration: none;">The Helena Independent 10 OCTOBER 1940 HADASSAH IN PALESTINE</a><br />"As a part of the educational work, Hadassah has organized the Palestinian Health Scouts among school children."</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><br />11. <a href="http://www.shalomjerusalem.com/jerusalem/1940b.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration: none;">Appleton Post Crescent Appleton Wisconsin 26 October 1940 ANCIENT MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS WILL BE SUBJECT OF LECTURE</a><br />"Robertson plays on the silver trumpet of Biblical vintage and carries his audience back 2000 years to the hills of Judea. The illusion is complete in that he wears an authentic Palestinian costume during the lecture."<br /></span></div>
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<big><big><span style="font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">1941</span></span></big></big></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><tt><span style="font-weight: bold;">1. </span><a href="http://www.shalomjerusalem.com/jerusalem/1941.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration: none;">Long Beach Independent Long Beach California 3 JANUARY 1941 </a></tt><tt><a href="http://www.shalomjerusalem.com/jerusalem/1941.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration: none;">VAN PAASAN SAW THREAT OF HITLER, IL DUCE YEARS AGO</a><br />Van Paasan is one of the first foreign correspondants to interview Mussolini and Hitler and to see in their rise an ominous threat to the future freedom and welfare of mankind. He has served time in a Dachau concentration camp, and had his life threatened many times. It was he who saw Dreyfus in the Sacco and Vanzetti trial and defied the Mufti of Jerusalem to deny his responsibility for the Palestinian riots.<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;"><br />2. </span><a href="http://www.shalomjerusalem.com/jerusalem/1941.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration: none;">Sheboygan Press Sheboygan Wisconsin 5 APRIL 1941(LOCAL COLUMN)</a></tt><tt><a href="http://www.shalomjerusalem.com/jerusalem/1941.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration: none;">PEOPLE OF JEWISH FAITH TO WELCOME FESTIVAL OF FREEDOM</a><br />At the family Seder service in the home Friday evening, April the Jewish people will welcome the advent of passover...<br />The holiday is observed for seven days by Reform and Palestinian Jews...<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;"><br />3. </span><a href="http://www.shalomjerusalem.com/jerusalem/1941.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration: none;">The Marion Star Marion Ohio 19 APRIL 1941 (LOCAL COLUMN)</a></tt><tt><a href="http://www.shalomjerusalem.com/jerusalem/1941.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration: none;">CONFERENCE SET IN COLUMBUS ON PALESTINE THEME</a><br />Sir Norman Angel, distinguished British statesman, Nobel Peace Prize winner, lecturer and author, together with Rabbi Abba Hillel Silver, national chairman of the United Palestine Appeal and one of the most distinguished and illustrious personalities in American Jewish life, will head an imposing program of outstanding figures who will address the Palestine emergency conference in Columbus May 4...<br />The present crisis in the Balkans must call for even more effort from the Palestinian community to stem the Hitler drive.</tt></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><tt>4. <a href="http://www.shalomjerusalem.com/jerusalem/1941.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration: none;">The Charleston Daily Mail Charleston West Virginia 18 MAY 1941</a></tt><tt><a href="http://www.shalomjerusalem.com/jerusalem/1941.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration: none;"><br />SYRIANS QUIT VILLAGES</a><br />(RAS EN NAKURA, SYRIAN PALESTINIAN FRONTIER</tt></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><tt>5. <a href="http://www.shalomjerusalem.com/jerusalem/1941.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration: none;">The Helena Independent Helena Montana 1 JUNE 1941 </a></tt><tt><a href="http://www.shalomjerusalem.com/jerusalem/1941.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration: none;">BAGHDAD AT LAST HAS FALLEN TO BRITAIN'S FORCES</a><br />Dispatches by way of Lebanon said the suburbs were already occupied and that a Palestinian motorized force had driven into the city.</tt></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><tt>6. <a href="http://www.shalomjerusalem.com/jerusalem/1941_on_the_record.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration: none;">Long Beach Independent Long Beach California 3 JUNE 1941(LOCAL COLUMN)</a></tt><tt><a href="http://www.shalomjerusalem.com/jerusalem/1941_on_the_record.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration: none;"><br />ON THE RECORD</a><br />She refused to arm the Jewish settlers, although they would have raised an army of every Palestinian youth to fight for Britain.<br />These Palestinian Jews are men who left professions...</tt></span></div>
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<tt><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><br />7. <a href="http://www.shalomjerusalem.com/jerusalem/1941.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration: none;">Lethbridge Herald Lethbridge Alberta 07 July AMERICANS BELIEVE MAIN REASON IS TO STRENGTHEN INDIA FRONT</a><br />"The Army of the Nile, under his command, was whipped into a fine fighting force out of a great variety of desparate elements- British, Australian, Free French, Greek, East Indian, PALESTINIAN Jews, Poles and others."</span></tt></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><tt><br />8. <a href="http://www.shalomjerusalem.com/jerusalem/1941.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration: none;">Iowa City Press Citizen Iowa City Iowa 13 SEPTEMBER 1941</a></tt><tt><a href="http://www.shalomjerusalem.com/jerusalem/1941.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration: none;"> JEWISH LEADER SAYS LINDY ATTEMPTS TO INJECT RACIAL ISSUE</a><br />Fisher, here on behalf of the National Jewish Fund which seeks to buy Palestinian lands for a Jewish national home...</tt></span></div>
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<tt><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><br />9. <a href="http://www.shalomjerusalem.com/jerusalem/1941.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration: none;">Lethbridge Herald Lethbridge Alberta 28 October THAT WICKED BRITISH EMPIRE</a><br />"It treated the Arabs so brutally that, the minute war broke out, the Arabs took advantage of a preoccupied Britain to make a truce with the PALESTINIAN Jews"</span></tt></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><tt>10. <a href="http://www.shalomjerusalem.com/jerusalem/1941.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration: none;">Long Beach Independent Long Beach California 28 NOVEMBER 1941</a></tt><tt><a href="http://www.shalomjerusalem.com/jerusalem/1941.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration: none;">PALESTINE TO BE TOPIC OF TEMPLE SINAI GUEST</a><br />A special program will be given at 8:00 pm today in Temple Sinai, 2600 East Seventh Street, when Dr Hannah Yarden, a Palestinian educator, lecturer and linguist, will speak to the congregation on Palestine, the Outpost of Democracy.</tt></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="color: red; font-weight: bold;">THE FOLLOWING HEADLINES, AND THEIR LINKS, ARE NOT ALL INCLUSIVE. THEY ARE REPRESENTATIVE OF DOZENS OF ARTICLES.</span></span></div>
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<big><big><span style="font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">1942</span></span></big></big></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><br />1. <a href="http://www.shalomjerusalem.com/jerusalem/1942.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration: none;">21 OCTOBER 1942</a> Frederick Post (Frederick, Maryland)<br /><a href="http://www.shalomjerusalem.com/jerusalem/1942.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration: none;">GOVERNOR MAY SPEAK</a><br />Governor Oconor said today he was considering an invitation to be the principal speaker at a dinner in New York City November 17 under the auspices of the committee for a Jewish army of stateless and Palestinian Jews.<br /><br /><br />2. <a href="http://www.shalomjerusalem.com/jerusalem/1942.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration: none;">9 NOVEMBER 1942</a> The Independent Record Helena Montana<br /><a href="http://www.shalomjerusalem.com/jerusalem/1942.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration: none;">REVIEWING THE WAR BY MAJOR GEORGE FIELDING ELIOT<br />AGITATION FOR JEWISH ARMY DEBATED</a><br />Briefly what is proposed in regard to the Jewish army is this: that a separate force be formed out of stateless and Palestinian Jews now resident in Palestine, to operate as a unit of the United Nations forces under their own colors.<br /><br /><br />3. <a href="http://www.shalomjerusalem.com/jerusalem/1942.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration: none;">7 DECEMBER 1942</a> Frederick Post (Frederick, Maryland)<br /><a href="http://www.shalomjerusalem.com/jerusalem/1942.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration: none;">TODAY IN HISTORY</a><br />1933- 200 TON 'EMMANUEL', first ship to fly the Palestinian Jewish flag in 2000 years...<br /><br /></span></div>
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<big><big><span style="font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">1943</span></span></big></big></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">1. <a href="http://www.shalomjerusalem.com/jerusalem/1943.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration: none;">11 JANUARY 1943</a> (The Berkshire Evening Eagle Pittsfield Massachusetts)<br /><a href="http://www.shalomjerusalem.com/jerusalem/1943.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration: none;">PEPPER URGES FREE PALESTINE</a><br />The United Nations must create a free Palestinian state to protect the 'security and freedom' of the oppressed Jews in Europe, according to U.S. Senator Claude Pepper of Florida, who warns that the Jews face a wave of rising intolerance in this country.<br /><br /><br /><br />2. <a href="http://www.shalomjerusalem.com/jerusalem/1943.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration: none;">3 AUGUST 1943</a> (The Berkshire Evening Eagle Pittsfield Massachusetts)<br /><a href="http://www.shalomjerusalem.com/jerusalem/1943.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration: none;">NATIVE LINGUIST SERVE AS CLERKS</a><br />Each day the supply and administrative services must with British, French, Italian, Greek, Palestinian, Egyptian, Spanish, Syrian, Iraqi, Arabian and persian citizens.<br /><br /><br />3. <a href="http://www.shalomjerusalem.com/jerusalem/1943.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration: none;">16 AUGUST 1943</a> (Edwardsville Intelligencer)<br /><a href="http://www.shalomjerusalem.com/jerusalem/1943.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration: none;">REFUGEE HAVENS ARE CONSIDERED</a><br />Meanwhile, a delegation representing the emergency committee to save the Jewish people of Europe called on Secretary of State Cordell Hull yesterday. They presented a program adopted by the committee in New York and urged his cooperation. The delegation consisted of Peter H Bergson, head of a Palestinian delegation to the United States.<br /></span></div>
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<big><big><span style="font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">1944</span></span></big></big></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><br />1. <a href="http://www.shalomjerusalem.com/jerusalem/1944.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration: none;">7 MARCH 1944</a> (The Charleston Daily Mail)<br /><a href="http://www.shalomjerusalem.com/jerusalem/1944.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration: none;">THE LOCAL VIEW</a><br />When Field Marshall Rommell rammed the gates of Cairo and Alexandria threatening to close up the Suez, the life stream of the British Empire, where were Ibn-ben-Saud soldiers? Where were his legions to oppose the German hordes?<br />It was the Jews of Palestine, who gave their lives fighting together with our Allies...<br />Palestinian Jews, men women and children and even the very old...<br /><br /><br />2. <a href="http://www.shalomjerusalem.com/jerusalem/1944.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration: none;">9 MARCH 1944</a> (The Berkshire Evening Eagle Pittsfield Massachusetts)<br /><a href="http://www.shalomjerusalem.com/jerusalem/1944.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration: none;">PALESTINE ARABS HAPPY</a><br />Palestinian Arab circles were jubilant over what was regarded as the successful first round in the campaign launched by neighboring Middle Eastern governments against the proposed United States Congress resolution favoring a Jewish state.<br /><br /><br />3. <a href="http://www.shalomjerusalem.com/jerusalem/1944.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration: none;">8 MAY 1944</a> (The Berkshire Evening Eagle Pittsfield Massachusetts)<br /><a href="http://www.shalomjerusalem.com/jerusalem/1944.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration: none;">ON THE RECORD<br />THE PROBLEM OF THE UPROOTED</a><br />But the Palestinian experiment has decisively proved that people who have never been with the land can and will retrain themselves to carry on a highly successful agriculture ...<br /><br /><br />4. <a href="http://www.shalomjerusalem.com/jerusalem/1944.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration: none;">18 SEPTEMBER 1944</a> (The Berkshire Evening Eagle Pittsfield Massachusetts)<br /><a href="http://www.shalomjerusalem.com/jerusalem/1944.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration: none;">SPORTS ROUNDUP</a><br />Besides assorted American GI's, the contestants included British, French, French Moroccans, Palestinians, and Yugoslav partisans.<br /><br /><br />5. <a href="http://www.shalomjerusalem.com/jerusalem/1944.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration: none;">20 SEPTEMBER 1944</a>(The Berkshire Evening Eagle Pittsfield Massachusetts)<br /><a href="http://www.shalomjerusalem.com/jerusalem/1944.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration: none;">JERUSALEM PLANS GARDENS OF THE PROPHETS</a><br />This garden, too, will be of great service to research students in Biblical and Talmudical literature and botanists interested in Palestinian flora.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><br />6. <a href="http://www.shalomjerusalem.com/jerusalem/1944.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration: none;">12 NOVEMBER 1944</a> (The Charleston Daily Mail)<br /><a href="http://www.shalomjerusalem.com/jerusalem/1944.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration: none;">THE POINT OF VIEW</a><span style="font-weight: bold;"><br /></span>In war, Palestine Jews through dark days and bright,...<span style="font-weight: bold;"><br /></span></span></div>
<big><big><span style="font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><br />1945</span></span></big></big></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><br />1. <a href="http://www.shalomjerusalem.com/jerusalem/1945.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration: none;">2 April 1945</a> (Oxnard Press Courier Oxnard California)<br /><a href="http://www.shalomjerusalem.com/jerusalem/1945.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration: none;">A JEWISH BRIGADE WARS AGAINST NAZIS</a><br />I was told that upwards of 50,000 Palestine Jews, men and women, so far have voluntarily enlisted for armed service in the British army, navy, air force and women's auxillerary service.<br /><br /><br />2. <a href="http://www.shalomjerusalem.com/jerusalem/1945.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration: none;">1 NOVEMBER 1945</a> (Traverse City Record Eagle Traverse City Michigan) <br /><a href="http://www.shalomjerusalem.com/jerusalem/1945.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration: none;">EXTREMIST JEWS RIOT:</a><br />The dead comprised one British soldier, one and possibly two policemen, and two Palestinian railway workers.<br /><br /><br /><br />3. <a href="http://www.shalomjerusalem.com/jerusalem/1945.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration: none;">20 NOVEMBER 1945</a> (The Berkshire Evening Eagle Pittsfield Massachusetts)<br /><a href="http://www.shalomjerusalem.com/jerusalem/1945.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration: none;">ONE MORE DIFFICULT PROBLEM</a><br />(Such as Palestinian Jews have begun already)<span style="font-weight: bold;"> </span></span></div>
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<big><big><span style="font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><br />1946</span></span></big></big></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">1. <a href="http://www.shalomjerusalem.com/jerusalem/1946.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration: none;">6 May 1946</a> (The Marion Star Marion Ohio)<br /><a href="http://www.shalomjerusalem.com/jerusalem/1946.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration: none;">HOLY LAND TROUBLE CENTER</a><br />Shaded areas are those in which transfer of land by a PALESTINIAN Arab, save to a PALESTINIAN Arab is prohibited<br /><br /><br />2. <a href="http://www.shalomjerusalem.com/jerusalem/1946.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration: none;">7 MAY 1946</a> (The Charleston Daily Mail)<br /><a href="http://www.shalomjerusalem.com/jerusalem/1946.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration: none;">BROTHERHOOD MIGHT PREVAIL</a><br />The Palestinian Arabs really have nothing to lose.<br /><br /><br />3. <a href="http://www.shalomjerusalem.com/jerusalem/1946_no_home.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration: none;">24 MAY 1946 </a>Gettysburg Times Gettysburg Pennsylvania<br /><a href="http://www.shalomjerusalem.com/jerusalem/1946_no_home.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration: none;">NO HOME FOR JEWS IN EUROPE, CHAPLAIN SAYS</a><span style="font-weight: bold;"><br /></span>Chaplain Honig praised the work of the Palestinian Brigade of the British Eighth Army<br /><span style="font-weight: bold;"><br /></span>4. <a href="http://www.shalomjerusalem.com/jerusalem/1946.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration: none;">13 JUNE 1946</a> Gettysburg Times Gettysburg Pennsylvania<br /><a href="http://www.shalomjerusalem.com/jerusalem/1946.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration: none;">SPEAKS OUT ON TWO IMPORTANT WORLD ISSUES</a><span style="font-weight: bold;"><br /></span>"The Jews asked, as I understand it, that in Palestine they should have not merely a home but a Palestinian state...<br /><br />5. <a href="http://www.shalomjerusalem.com/jerusalem/1946.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration: none;">21 JUNE 1946</a> Atchison Daily Globe Atchison Kansas<br /><a href="http://www.shalomjerusalem.com/jerusalem/1946.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration: none;">SIDELIGHTS ON THE PALESTINE PROBLEM</a><span style="font-weight: bold;"><br /></span>5. <a href="http://www.shalomjerusalem.com/jerusalem/1946.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration: none;">9 AUGUST 1946</a> (Traverse City Record Eagle Traverse City Michigan) <br /><a href="http://www.shalomjerusalem.com/jerusalem/1946.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration: none;">BRITISH SEEK JEWISH SHIPS:</a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> </span><br />"British warships and aircraft searched the eastern Mediterranean in record peacetime strength today to clear the seas of Jewish refugee ships sailing toward Palestine.<br />The London Daily Telegraph said Britain was renewing her requests to Russia to halt departure of ships crowded with illegal Palestine immigrants from Romainian ports."<br /><span style="font-weight: bold;"><br /></span>7. <a href="http://www.shalomjerusalem.com/jerusalem/1946.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration: none;">3 SEPTEMBER 1946</a> Gettysburg Times Gettysburg Pennsylvania<br /><a href="http://www.shalomjerusalem.com/jerusalem/1946.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration: none;">PALESTINIANS FOUND TO BE PEOPLE TOO</a><span style="font-weight: bold;"><br /></span>Palestinians are Arabs who...<br />Palestinians are Jews who...<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;"><br /></span>8. <a href="http://www.shalomjerusalem.com/jerusalem/1946.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration: none;">7 SEPTEMBER 1946</a> (Traverse City Record Eagle Traverse City Michigan)<br /><a href="http://www.shalomjerusalem.com/jerusalem/1946.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration: none;">A TROUBLED PEACE COVERS HOLY LAND ON CHRISTMAS EVE</a><br />The stutter of machine guns and the crashing roar of exploding mines to which PALESTINIANS have become accustomed...<br /><br /><br />9. <a href="http://www.shalomjerusalem.com/jerusalem/1946.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration: none;">7 SEPTEMBER 1946</a> Traverse City Record Eagle Traverse City, Michigan<br /><a href="http://www.shalomjerusalem.com/jerusalem/1946.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration: none;">BACK FROM PALESTINE</a><br />He asserted that PALESTINIANS are being deprived of life, liberty and property by the British imperial policy<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;"><br /></span>9. <a href="http://www.shalomjerusalem.com/jerusalem/1946.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration: none;">11 DECEMBER 1946</a> The Independent Record Helena Montana<br /><a href="http://www.shalomjerusalem.com/jerusalem/1946.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration: none;">THESE DAYS</a><span style="font-weight: bold;"><br /></span>And that is the gist of the Palestinian question<br /></span></div>
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<big><big><span style="font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><br />1947</span></span></big></big></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">1. <a href="http://www.shalomjerusalem.com/jerusalem/1947.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration: none;">17 JANUARY 1947</a> Portland Press Herald Portland Maine<br /><a href="http://www.shalomjerusalem.com/jerusalem/1947.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration: none;">LOSS OF DR WEIZMANN</a><br />Last July I had advised that American Zionists, schooled in democracy, should take over Zionist leadership from the PALESTINIAN Jews...<br /><br /><br />2. <a href="http://www.shalomjerusalem.com/jerusalem/1947.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration: none;">13 MARCH </a><a href="http://www.shalomjerusalem.com/jerusalem/1947.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration: none;">1947</a> Traverse City Record Eagle Traverse City Michigan<br /><a href="http://www.shalomjerusalem.com/jerusalem/1947.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration: none;">BANDITS ROB TEL AVIV BANK</a><br />The PALESTINIANS were taken back south in military transport, the government said<br /><span style="font-weight: bold;"><br /></span><br />3. <a href="http://www.shalomjerusalem.com/jerusalem/1947.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration: none;">15 MARCH 1947</a> (Traverse City Record Eagle Traverse City Michigan)<br /><a href="http://www.shalomjerusalem.com/jerusalem/1947.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration: none;">PALESTINE TERRORISTS</a><br />Effort has been made by conservative elements among Palestinian Jews to bring terroristic activities to an end.<br /><br /><br />4. <a href="http://www.shalomjerusalem.com/jerusalem/1947b.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration: none;">26 MARCH 1947 </a> Pottstown Mercury Pottstown Pennsylvania<br /><a href="http://www.shalomjerusalem.com/jerusalem/1947b.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration: none;">300 PALESTINE JEWS RETURN TO HOLY LAND</a><br />It was unofficially reported that 150 other Jews still in dentention camps on Cyprus also claimed to be PALESTINIANS...<br /><br /><br />5. <a href="http://www.shalomjerusalem.com/jerusalem/1947.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration: none;">3 MAY 1947</a> (The Berkshire Evening Eagle Pittsfield Massachusetts)<br /><a href="http://www.shalomjerusalem.com/jerusalem/1947.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration: none;">THE UNITED STATES IS COMMITTED TO WORK FOR A DECISION ON PALESTINE THAT CAN BE ENFORCED BY THE U.N.</a><span style="font-weight: bold;"><br /></span>It cannot now enforce any decision that required it to crush the opposion of large organized masses of Palestinian Arabs or Palestinian Jews<br /><br /><br />6. <a href="http://www.shalomjerusalem.com/jerusalem/1947b.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration: none;">12 MAY 1947</a> The Berkshire Evening Eagle Pittsfield Massachusetts<br /><a href="http://www.shalomjerusalem.com/jerusalem/1947b.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration: none;">IN THE MIDST OF PALESTINE STRIFE, A NEW VILLAGE IS BORN PEACEFULLY</a><br />Most of the 'Halutzim' (pioneers)who will live at Maayanoth are South African ex servicemen. The rest are PALESTINIANS and Americans.<br /><br /><br />7. <a href="http://www.shalomjerusalem.com/jerusalem/1947b.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration: none;">6 JUNE 1947</a> Pottstown Mercury Pottstown Pennsylvania<br /><a href="http://www.shalomjerusalem.com/jerusalem/1947b.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration: none;">TRUMAN CAUTIONS US GROUPS AGAINST HOLY LAND MEDDLING</a><br />"While the British continue to incite PALESTINIANS, we will continue our activities"<br /><br /><br />8. <a href="http://www.shalomjerusalem.com/jerusalem/1947b.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration: none;">8 JUNE 1947</a> Waterloo Daily Courier Waterloo Iowa<br /><a href="http://www.shalomjerusalem.com/jerusalem/1947b.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration: none;">VETERAN OF JEW'S COLONIZATION TELLS OF ITS SUCCESS</a><br />With only a few days warning, PALESTINIANS awoke one morning to find all communications, transport and bank deposits frozen.<br /><br /><br />9. <a href="http://www.shalomjerusalem.com/jerusalem/1947b.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration: none;">15 SEPTEMBER 1947</a> The Berkshire Evening Eagle Pittsfield Massachusetts<br /><a href="http://www.shalomjerusalem.com/jerusalem/1947b.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration: none;">FLAWS IN MR EDSON'S ARGUMENTS AGAINST PALESTINE PARTITION</a><br />A noisy minority of American Zionists along with the anarchist minority in Palestine itself have been as discouraging to the main body of American Zionists and PALESTINIAN Jews...<br /><span style="font-weight: bold;"><br /></span>10. <a href="http://www.shalomjerusalem.com/jerusalem/1947.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration: none;">29 SEPTEMBER 1947</a> (Traverse City Record Eagle Traverse City Michigan)<br /><a href="http://www.shalomjerusalem.com/jerusalem/1947.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration: none;">HAIFA POLICE HQ IS BLOWN UP</a><br />The dead included four British constables, four Palestinian constables, and one Arab coffee seller.<br /><br /><br />11. <a href="http://www.shalomjerusalem.com/jerusalem/1947b.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration: none;">3 OCTOBER 1947</a> (The Berkshire Evening Eagle Pittsfield Massachusetts)<br /><a href="http://www.shalomjerusalem.com/jerusalem/1947b.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration: none;">JEWS CHARGE TEAR GAS USED:</a><br />Jewish refugees charged today that a British boarding party used tear gas against them yesterday when the royal navy seized their immigrant ship as it entered Palestinian waters.<br /><br /><br />12. <a href="http://www.shalomjerusalem.com/jerusalem/1947b.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration: none;">13 OCTOBER 1947</a> Oxnard Press Courier Oxnard California<br /><a href="http://www.shalomjerusalem.com/jerusalem/1947b.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration: none;">TROOPS MOVE ON BORDER OF PALESTINE</a><br />The Syrian-Lebanese forces, part of the seven nation Arab army the Arab league had threatened to throw against the Jews, were so close to the frontier that the PALESTINIANS could see their campfires twinkling across the desert all night.<br /><br /><br />13. <a href="http://www.shalomjerusalem.com/jerusalem/1947b.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration: none;">15 NOVEMBER 1947</a> Pottstown Mercury Pottstown Pennsylvania<br /><a href="http://www.shalomjerusalem.com/jerusalem/1947b.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration: none;">FIVE MORE DIE AS TERROR GRIPS HOLY LAND AREA</a><br />The violence ended about a month and a half of comparative quiet throughout Palestine - a period during which most PALESTINIANS, Jew and Arab, concentrated attention on on the partition plan now before the United Nations.<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;"><br /></span>14. <a href="http://www.shalomjerusalem.com/jerusalem/1947.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration: none;">17 NOVEMBER 1947</a> Atchison Daily Globe Atchison Kansas<br /><a href="http://www.shalomjerusalem.com/jerusalem/1947.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration: none;">JEWS EVADE BRITISH NET</a><br />"Are probably already dressed as workers and housewives and are out in the fields besides Palestinian Jews."<br /><span style="font-weight: bold;"><br /></span>15. <a href="http://www.shalomjerusalem.com/jerusalem/1947.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration: none;">20 NOVEMBER 1947</a> (Traverse City Record Eagle Traverse City Michigan)<br /><a href="http://www.shalomjerusalem.com/jerusalem/1947.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration: none;">MONEY NOT EVERYTHING</a><br />Tell the Palestinian Arab that a Jewish state will raise his standard of living and he is unmoved.<br /><br />16. <a href="http://www.shalomjerusalem.com/jerusalem/1947.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration: none;">15 DECEMBER 1947</a> Portland Press Herald Portland Maine<br /><a href="http://www.shalomjerusalem.com/jerusalem/1947.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration: none;">ARABS DEMAND ARMS IN EGYPT</a><br />"Today we are all PALESTINIANS, tomorrow Sudenese, and after tomorrow North Africans," El Azhari said<br /></span></div>
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<big><big><span style="font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">1948</span></span></big></big></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">1. <a href="http://www.shalomjerusalem.com/jerusalem/1948.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration: none;">12 JANUARY 1948</a> (Traverse City Record Eagle Traverse City Michigan) <br /><a href="http://www.shalomjerusalem.com/jerusalem/1948.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration: none;">JEWS DESTROY JORDAN BRIDGE:</a><br />The attack was believed made to halt the return of Palestinian Arabs to the Holy Land after receiving military training in Syria.<br /><br /><br />2. <a href="http://www.shalomjerusalem.com/jerusalem/1948.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration: none;">2 February 1948</a> (Traverse City Record Eagle Traverse City Michigan)<br /><a href="http://www.shalomjerusalem.com/jerusalem/1948.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration: none;">ARABS BLOW UP JEWISH PAPER:</a><br />The five story building housing of the Palestine Post, the only English language Jewish newspaper in the Holy Land, was blasted and burned to rubble today by Arabs using the Jewish barrel bomb technique.<br />The blast was the first time in 30 years that Arabs have blown up a building in the center of a Palestinian town.<br /><br /><br />3. <a href="http://www.shalomjerusalem.com/jerusalem/1948b.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration: none;">6 March 1948</a> Reno Evening Gazette Reno Nevada<br /><a href="http://www.shalomjerusalem.com/jerusalem/1948b.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration: none;">ASKS PROTECTION OF UN DELEGATES IN PALESTINE</a><br />Cunningham asked PALESTINIANS to accord the secretariat the immunity which civilized nations must 'show to members of this world organization.'<br /><br /><br /><br />4. <a href="http://www.shalomjerusalem.com/jerusalem/1948.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration: none;">17 MARCH 1948</a> (Traverse City Record Eagle Traverse City Michigan)<br /><a href="http://www.shalomjerusalem.com/jerusalem/1948.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration: none;">DISCUSS HOLY LAND PROBLEMS</a><br />“In fighting against Jewish immigration the east is fighting against progress and advancement. Their fight will not succeed because light is always stronger than darkness and justice will certainly win out in the end.” So spoke Akiva Perel, dynamic Palestinian native<br /><br /><br />5. <a href="http://www.shalomjerusalem.com/jerusalem/1948b.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration: none;">26 MARCH 1948 </a> Gettysburg Times Gettysburg Pennsylvania<br /><a href="http://www.shalomjerusalem.com/jerusalem/1948b.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration: none;">JERUSALEM TIRES OF AMERICAN TALK</a><br />'We want a democratic Arab government with all PALESTINIANS- that includes Jews- given an equal right to vote..." said an Arab lawyer with the Palestine Arab higher committee<br /><br />6. <a href="http://www.shalomjerusalem.com/jerusalem/1948b.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration: none;">15 MAY 1948<br />A LONG VIEW OF PALESTINE</a><br />They hope and pray even though knowing how irreconcilable the PALESTINIANS are...<br /><br /><br /><br />7. <a href="http://www.shalomjerusalem.com/jerusalem/1948c.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration: none;">17 MAY 1948<br />DR WEITZMAN ELECTED HEAD OF ISRAEL</a><br />All members of the new government except one are PALESTINIANS, who automatically became citizens of Israel upon formation of the new state.<br /><br /><br />8. <a href="http://www.shalomjerusalem.com/jerusalem/may29_1948.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration: none;">29 MAY 1948</a> (Traverse City Record Eagle Traverse City Michigan<span style="font-weight: bold;">)</span><span style="font-weight: bold;"> </span><br style="font-weight: bold;" /><a href="http://www.shalomjerusalem.com/jerusalem/may29_1948.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration: none;">ARABS CAPTURE OLD JERUSALEM</a><br />The (Arab) legion guaranteed the safety of the Jews against screaming, cursing and hooting mobs of Palestinian Arabs who tried to mob the first groups and beat them to death in the streets <br /><br />9. <a href="http://www.shalomjerusalem.com/jerusalem/1948.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration: none;">15 JULY 1948</a> Daily Register Harrisburg Illinois<br /><a href="http://www.shalomjerusalem.com/jerusalem/1948.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration: none;">JERUSALEM'S 'WRONG WAY' EXODUS-70 AMERICAN JEWS LEAVE HOLY CITY FOR U.S.</a><br />Most Jewish PALESTINIANS disagree violently with any evacuation scheme<br /><br />10. <a href="http://www.shalomjerusalem.com/jerusalem/1948c.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration: none;">16 OCTOBER 1948</a> Pottstown Mercury Pottstown Pennsylvania<br /><a href="http://www.shalomjerusalem.com/jerusalem/1948c.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration: none;">UN TOLD TIME IS RIPE FOR PALESTINE PEACE BUT FIGHTING BREAKS OUT ANEW IN HOLY LAND</a><br />...guarantees of the rights of all PALESTINIANS...<br /><br /><br />11. <a href="http://www.shalomjerusalem.com/jerusalem/1948b.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration: none;">05 NOVEMBER 1948</a> The Berkshire Evening Eagle Pittsfield Massachusetts<br /><a href="http://www.shalomjerusalem.com/jerusalem/1948b.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration: none;">STORY OF PALESTINE MOVIE WILL BE SHOWN HERE MAY 11</a><br />"To the Jews, Arabs and PALESTINIANS of all creeds who enacted this film, we are grateful," the author has declared<br /><br /><br />12. <a href="http://www.shalomjerusalem.com/jerusalem/1948c.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration: none;">14 NOVEMBER 1948</a> Portland Press Herald Portland Maine<br /><a href="http://www.shalomjerusalem.com/jerusalem/1948c.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration: none;">UN URGES RELIEF FOR PALESTINIANS</a><br />A comittee resolution declared the "alleviation of starvation and distress among PALESTINIAN refugees...<br /><br /><br />13. <a href="http://www.shalomjerusalem.com/jerusalem/1948.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration: none;">02 DECEMBER 1948</a> Atchison Daily Globe Atchison Kansas<br /><a href="http://www.shalomjerusalem.com/jerusalem/1948.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration: none;">SEEK A UNION IN PALESTINE</a><br />A dispatch last night from Amman, Abdullah's capital, said Sheik Gaabari had told Abdullah of proposals by the congress and asked him, in the name of all PALESTINIANS, to take steps for the unification of the two countries.<br /><br /><br /></span></div>
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<big><big><span style="font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">1949</span></span></big></big></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><br />1. <a href="http://www.shalomjerusalem.com/jerusalem/1949.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration: none;">21 FEBRUARY 1949</a> Portland Press Herald Portland Maine<br /><a href="http://www.shalomjerusalem.com/jerusalem/1949.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration: none;">ISRAEL OK'S ARMISTICE, IS REPORT</a><br />Arab prisoners include 5000 PALESTINIANS...<br /><br /><br />1. <a href="http://www.shalomjerusalem.com/jerusalem/1949.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration: none;">21 FEBRUARY 1949</a> Oxnard Press Courier Oxnard California<br /><a href="http://www.shalomjerusalem.com/jerusalem/1949.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration: none;">PALESTINE PACT EXPECTED SOON</a><br />One hundred Israelis from the Transjordan prisoner of war camp at Marfraq Bee were released at the same time as 157 PALESTINIAN Arabs and Transjordan legionaires were released.<br /><br /><br /><br />2. <a href="http://www.shalomjerusalem.com/jerusalem/1949.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration: none;">3 MAY 1949</a> Traverse City Record Eagle Traverse City Michigan) <br /><a href="http://www.shalomjerusalem.com/jerusalem/1949.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration: none;">HOOPER COLT 2 TO 1 FAVORITE</a><br />Missing are such derby probables as Greentree's Wine List, Clifford Mooer's Old Rockport and Palestinian, the very serious contender owned by Isador Bieber.<br />(Isador Bieber is listed in History of Jews In Horse Racing.)<br /><br /><br />3. <a href="http://www.shalomjerusalem.com/jerusalem/1949.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration: none;">16 JUNE 1949</a> Nashua Telegraph Nashua New Hampshire<br /><a href="http://www.shalomjerusalem.com/jerusalem/1949.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration: none;">JEWS AND ARABS BOTH</a><br />Substitute 'Arab' in this passage for 'Jew" and you have eloquence on behalf of another group of PALESTINIANS. Both need help.<br /></span></div>
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<big><big><span style="font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">1950</span></span></big></big></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><br />1. <a href="http://www.shalomjerusalem.com/jerusalem/1950.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration: none;">25 APRIL 1950</a> The Berkshire Evening Eagle Pittsfield Massachusetts<br /><a href="http://www.shalomjerusalem.com/jerusalem/1950.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration: none;">ARAB PALESTINE, TRANS-JORDAN UNITED BY AMMAN PARLIAMENT</a><br />The signing came after a stormy session of Parliament at which at least five PALESTINIAN members voted for delay in acting on the union<br /><br />2. <a href="http://www.shalomjerusalem.com/jerusalem/1950.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration: none;">23 JULY 1950</a> (The Zanesville Signal)<br /><a href="http://www.shalomjerusalem.com/jerusalem/1950.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration: none;">CENSORSHIP</a><br />He was not permitted to mention Palestinian truck-drivers...<br /><br />3. <a href="http://www.shalomjerusalem.com/jerusalem/1950.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration: none;">18 OCTOBER 1950</a> (Traverse City Record Eagle Traverse City Michigan)<br /><a href="http://www.shalomjerusalem.com/jerusalem/1950.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration: none;">THESE DAYS</a><br />He (Robert Taft) was responsible for the Palestinian planks in the 1944 and the 1948 Republican platform<br />(In 1944, for the first time, both political parties had planks endorsing a commonwealth in Palestine. The Republicans called for unlimited Jewish immigration and the establishment of "a free and democratic commonwealth" while the Democrats were more specific and mentioned a "Jewish commonwealth.")<br /><br /><br />4. <a href="http://www.shalomjerusalem.com/jerusalem/1950.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration: none;">26 OCTOBER 1950</a> (Traverse City Record Eagle Traverse City Michigan)<br /><a href="http://www.shalomjerusalem.com/jerusalem/1950.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration: none;">THESE DAYS</a><br />In this they succeeded because of the enormous contribution to Palestinian activities by American Jews out of their private resources.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">During the 1940's we have PALESTINIANS being used to describe all inhabitants of the Palestine region, which became the state of Israel.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">1. 19 MAY 1951<br />East Liverpool Review East Liverpool<br /><a href="http://www.shalomjerusalem.com/jerusalem/1951.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration: none;">1 CAR WRECKS LEAVE FOUR HURT</a><br />Pennsylvanians and PALESTINIANS injured<br />(In this instance, the PALESTINIANS are Americans who live in East Palestine, Ohio)<br /><br /><br />2. 17 JULY 1951<br />Traverse City Record Eagle Traverse City Michigan <a href="http://www.shalomjerusalem.com/jerusalem/1951.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration: none;">EX PREMIER OF LEBANON SHOT</a><br />A second man, Mohammed Abdullahtif, a Palestinian, attempted suicide.<br /><br /><br />3. 23 JULY 1951<br />The Bridgeport Telegram Bridgeport Connecticut <br /><a href="http://www.shalomjerusalem.com/jerusalem/1951.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration: none;">NAB EX MUFTI KIN IN ROUNDUP OF 500 IN ASSASSINATION</a><br />The annexation was never popular with PALESTINIAN Arabs<br /><br /><br />4. The Bridgeport Telegram Bridgeport Connecticut 26 July<br /><a href="http://www.shalomjerusalem.com/jerusalem/1951.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration: none;">BOY, 16, IN LINE TO MOUNT THRONE AS JORDAN RULER</a><br />Political sources in Cairo said Prince Regent Naif's choice of Abul Huda for premier was intended to appease Arab PALESTINIANS.</span></div>
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<span style="color: #cc0000; font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">HERE WE FIND PALESTINIAN BEING USED MAINLY TO DESCRIBE ARABS. BUT THEY ARE STILL CALLED PALESTINIAN ARABS.</span></span></div>
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<big><big><span style="font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><br />1952</span></span></big></big></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">1. 27 MARCH 1952<br />Iowa City Press Citizen Iowa City Iowa <br /><a href="http://www.shalomjerusalem.com/jerusalem/1952.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration: none;">MASONIC ANCESTRY</a><br />Pioneer PALESTINIANS in Iowa City who were commandery officers..<br />(PALESTINIANS here describes members of the Masonic Lodge)<br /><br /><br />2. 16 JUNE 1952<br />Traverse City Record Eagle Traverse City Michigan<br /><a href="http://www.shalomjerusalem.com/jerusalem/1952.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration: none;">ABORTIVE MOVEMENTS</a><br />The influx of the Jews into Palestine and the consequent migration of many PALESTINIAN Arabs resulted in the formation of the Arab League, comprising the chief Arab Near Eastern states.<br /><br />3. 19 NOVEMBER 1952<br />Dixon Evening Telegraph Dixon Illinois <br /><a href="http://www.shalomjerusalem.com/jerusalem/1952.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration: none;">REMINDER FOR CHRISTMAS: REMEMBER THE NEEDY ABROAD</a><br />"On behalf of 800,000 PALESTINIANS entering their fifth year as refugees"</span></div>
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<span style="color: #cc0000; font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">EDITORIAL NOTE: READ THIS ARTICLE AND SEE HOW IT MENTIONS REFUGEES FROM ALL OVER THE WORLD. THIS WAS IN 1952. WHATEVER HAPPENED TO ALL THOSE OTHER REFUGEES? AND WHY IS IT THAT THE ONLY THE PALESTINIAN ARAB REFUGEES ARE STILL REFUGEES OVER 50 YEAR LATER?</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><br style="color: #cc0000; font-weight: bold;" /><span style="color: #cc0000; font-weight: bold;">KOREA= 10 MILLION REFUGEES</span><br style="color: #cc0000; font-weight: bold;" /><span style="color: #cc0000; font-weight: bold;">CENTRAL EUROPE= HUNDREDS OF THOUSANDS</span></span></div>
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<big><big><span style="font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">1953</span></span></big></big></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /><br />1. 15 MARCH 1953<br />Massachusetts Lowell Lowell Sun <br /><a href="http://www.shalomjerusalem.com/jerusalem/1953.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration: none;">TRAINING STEPPED UP</a><br />Jordanians many of them PALESTINIANS driven from their homes...<br /><br /><br /><br />2. 6 MAY 1953<br />Traverse City Record Eagle Traverse City Michigan <a href="http://www.shalomjerusalem.com/jerusalem/1953.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration: none;">PHOTO CAPTION</a><br />This tattered child is typical of the needy youngsters among the nearly 1 million homeless Palestinian Arab refugees overseas.<br /><br /><br /><br />3. 7 MAY 1953<br />Dixon Evening Telegraph Dixon Illinois<br /><a href="http://www.shalomjerusalem.com/jerusalem/1953.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration: none;">PHOTO CAPTION</a><br />A group of elderly Arabs huddle...as they wait patiently to be recognized as refugees at one of the camps housing displaced PALESTINIANS<br /><br /><br /><br />4. 12 JULY 1953<br />Massachusetts Lowell Lowell Sun <br /><a href="http://www.shalomjerusalem.com/jerusalem/1953.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration: none;">AMERICAN DOCTOR IS GOODWILL AMBASSADOR IN ANCIENT JERUSA</a>LEM<br />Dr Moll's main mission is to supplement skimpy UN food...alloted to 800,000 Christian and Moslem PALESTINIANS...</span></div>
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<span style="color: #cc0000; font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">WE CONTINUE WITH THE USE OF PALESTINIAN BEING FURTHER DEFINED BY ARAB, CHRISTIAN AND MOSLEM. BUT THE USE OF ONLY PALESTINIAN TO DESCRIBE THE ARABS OF THE REGION IS GAINING USE. HERE IT MUST BE NOTED THAT THE ANCIENT REGION OF PALESTINE INCLUDED THE NEW TRANS-JORDAN (LATER TO CALLED JORDAN) NATION, WHICH WAS ESCLUSIVELY SET UP AS A HOMELAND FOR PALESTINIAN ARABS, AS YOU WIL SEE LATER.</span></span></div>
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<big><big><span style="font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">1954</span></span></big></big></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><br />1. 7 JANUARY 1954<br />The Times Recorder Zanesville Ohio <br /><a href="http://www.shalomjerusalem.com/jerusalem/1954.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration: none;">INTERPRETING THE NEWS</a><br />PALESTINIANS hold half of the ten portfolios in the new government<br /><br />2. 12 DECEMBER 1954 <br />The Bridgeport Telegram Bridgeport Connecticut<br /><a href="http://www.shalomjerusalem.com/jerusalem/1954.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration: none;">COLLECTS CLOTHING</a><br />The Lebanon-American will today open a campaign to collect clothing in usable condition for distribution among PALESTINIAN Arab refugees in Lebanon.</span></div>
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<span style="color: #cc0000; font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">AGAIN, WE CONTINUE WITH THE DUAL USE PALESTINIAN ARAB AND PALESTINIAN TO DESCRIBE THESE NON JEWISH INHABITANTS</span></span></div>
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<big><big><span style="font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><br />1955</span></span></big></big></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">1. 27 APRIL 1955<br />Ames Daily Tribune Ames Iowa <br /><a href="http://www.shalomjerusalem.com/jerusalem/1955.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration: none;">THESE DAYS </a><br />Actually, Israel includes Asiatic and African Jews, native PALESTINIANS, Yemenites, Egyptian and Moroccan Jews, the Fallashas of Ethiopia, the Bnai of India and many others.<br /><br /><br />2. 4 SEPTEMBER 1955 <br />The Bridgeport Telegram Bridgeport Connecticut<br /><a href="http://www.shalomjerusalem.com/jerusalem/1955.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration: none;">FIGHTING RESUMED ON GAZA FRONTIER</a><br />Egyptian spokesmen at Gaza Saturday placed Palestinian Arab casualties in that attack at 39 killed and 13 wounded.<br /><br /><br /><br />3. 24 DECEMBER 1955 <br />Bennington Evening Banner Bennington, Vermont<br /><a href="http://www.shalomjerusalem.com/jerusalem/1955.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration: none;">LITTLE TOWN OF BETHLEHEM</a><br />The lives of these people show that Joseph and Mary were not the last Palestinian family to bring a baby into the world in a manger “because there was no room in the inn.”</span></div>
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<span style="color: #cc0000; font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">OOOPS, HOW DID THOSE PALESTINIAN JEWS SNEAK IN THERE?</span></span></div>
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<big style="font-weight: bold;"><big><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><br />1956</span></big></big></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">1. 29 JANUARY 1956<br />The Coshocton Tribune Coshocton Ohio <br /><a href="http://www.shalomjerusalem.com/jerusalem/1956.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration: none;">HAMMARSKJOLD IN IRAQ FOR MEETING</a><br />Egyptian and Israeli artillery blazed across the border near Kissufim for four hours yesterday in a battle that killed three Israelis and one Arab PALESTINIAN.<br /><br />2. 6 APRIL 1956<br />Ames Daily Tribune Ames Iowa <br /><a href="http://www.shalomjerusalem.com/jerusalem/1956.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration: none;">MIDDLE EAST NEARER TO ALL OUT WAR</a><br />In Cairo, loudspeakers inflamed the populace with reports of the PALESTINIANS killed in the fighting.<br /><br /><br />3. 12 APRIL 1956<br />Indiana Evening Gazette Indiana Pennsylvania <br /><a href="http://www.shalomjerusalem.com/jerusalem/1956b.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration: none;">UNNATURAL CALM IN JERUSALEM LIKE THE LULL BEFORE THE BIG STORM</a><br />PALESTINIANS were killed in the latest attacks...<br /><br /><br />4. 12 APRIL 1956<br />Berkshire Eagle Pittsfield Massachusetts<br /><a href="http://www.shalomjerusalem.com/jerusalem/1956.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration: none;">PRESIDENT HAS SELECTED THE BEST AVAILABLE APPROACH TO THE DIFFICULT PROBLEMS FACING US IN THE MIDDLE EAST</a><br />The threatened Palestinian war is just the kind of war that the United Nations was designed to prevent.<br /><br /><br /><br />5. 6 JUNE 1956 <br />Berkshire Eagle Pittsfield Massachusetts<br /><a href="http://www.shalomjerusalem.com/jerusalem/1956b.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration: none;">THE LIVING DEAD</a><br />This is Karamaneh, one of the three camps for the Palestinian refugees that the UN maintains in the region of old Jericho.<br /><br /><br /><br />6. 2 OCTOBER 1956<br />Newport Daily News Newport Rhode Island<br /><a href="http://www.shalomjerusalem.com/jerusalem/1956.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration: none;">UN CAN PREVENT RAIDS</a><br />Therefore the various Arab governments bordering on Israel will continue to just as heretofore to arm, instruct and send 'guerrillas' (called former PALESTINIANS) over the Israel border to murder and destroy...<br /><br /><br />7. 5 DECEMBER 1956 <br />Berkshire Eagle Pittsfield Massachusetts<br /><a href="http://www.shalomjerusalem.com/jerusalem/1956.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration: none;">NASSAR CALLS ATTACK '3 POWER CONSPIRACY'</a><br />On the Egyptian-Palestinian frontier...<br /></span></div>
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<big><big><span style="font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">1957</span></span></big></big></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><br />1.16 JANUARY 1957<br />Newport Daily News Newport Rhode Island <br /><a href="http://www.shalomjerusalem.com/jerusalem/1957b.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration: none;">THIRD WORLD WAR COULD START IN SOME UNKNOWN THIRD WORLD OUTPOST</a><br />A million PALSTINIANS, many of them educated, now seemingly headed for disintegration, may become the object of a Syrian- Iraqi clash.<br /><br /><br />2. 25 FEBRUARY 1957<br />Chronicle Telegram Elyria Ohio <br /><a href="http://www.shalomjerusalem.com/jerusalem/1957b.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration: none;">ISRAELI ENVOY GETS NEW INSTRUCTIONS</a><br />The Palestine Arab army is composed of PALESTINIAN refugees attached to the Egyptian army and under Egyptian command.<br /><br /><br />3. 26 FEBRUARY 1957<br />Newport Daily News Newport Rhode Island <br /><a href="http://www.shalomjerusalem.com/jerusalem/1957.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration: none;">FIVE KILLED IN FIGHT IN CAIRO AREA</a><br />At least five persons were killed today when about 500 PALESTINIAN Arab soldiers clamoring for arms attacked an Egyptian police station in the suburb of Maadi.<br /><br /><br />4. 11 APRIL 1957 <br />Berkshire Eagle Pittsfield Massachusetts<br /><a href="http://www.shalomjerusalem.com/jerusalem/1957.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration: none;">JORDAN REORGANIZATION MET WITH CALM</a><br />Khalidi, an elderly Palestinian leader, is a political independent and former member of several Jordan cabinets.<br /><br /><br />5. 15 APRIL 1957<br />The Chillicothe Constitution Tribune Chillicothe Missouri<br /><a href="http://www.shalomjerusalem.com/jerusalem/1957.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration: none;">KHALIDI NAMED JORDAN'S NEW PREMIER TODAY</a><br />This is important since PALESTINIANS form more than a third of the population.<br /><br />6. 16 APRIL 1957<br />Berkshire Eagle Pittsfield Massachusetts<br /><a href="http://www.shalomjerusalem.com/jerusalem/1957.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration: none;">USING THE LIVING DEAD</a><br />Under the mild but brilliant sunshine of the balmy southern Mediterrainean springtime, the big camp of Palestinian Arab refugees a few Miles south of Gaza town, seemed not to bad a place.<br /><br /><br />7. 26 APRIL 1957<br />Gettysburg Times Gettysburg Pennsylvania <br /><a href="http://www.shalomjerusalem.com/jerusalem/1957.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration: none;">JAMES MARLOW REPORTS</a><br />About 900,000 are PALESTINIAN Arabs who became Jordanians in 1948 during the Arab - Israeli War when Hussein's grandfather King Abdullah grabbed part of Palestine or because they fled to Jordan from Israel.<br /><br /><br />8. 27 APRIL 1957<br />Nevada State Journal Reno Nevada <br /><a href="http://www.shalomjerusalem.com/jerusalem/1957.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration: none;">NEIGHBOR STATES CAUTIONED BY US</a><br />Although some reports said the 47 year old leader of the turbulant PALESTINIANS in Jordan was in seclusion at home an official said "we are looking for Nabulsi."<br /><br />9. 4 MAY 1957<br />Newport Daily News Newport Rhode Island <br /><a href="http://www.shalomjerusalem.com/jerusalem/1957b.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration: none;">'TIMES' REPORT EGYPT IN PLOT TO KILL SAUD</a><br />The dispatch said wholesale deportation of Egyptians and PALESTINIANS have been going on since the raids, apparently because the king preferred such actions to prosecutions which would embitter relations between the Arab countries<br /><br /><br />10. 9 OCTOBER 1957<br />Gettysburg Times Gettysburg Pennsylvania <br /><a href="http://www.shalomjerusalem.com/jerusalem/1957b.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration: none;">REPORT SEIZURE OF ARMS IN PALESTINE</a><br />Nablus is a center of discontented PALESTINIANS and Arab refugees from Israel.<br /><br /><br />11. 15 OCTOBER 1957<br />Chronicle Telegram Elyria Ohio <br /><a href="http://www.shalomjerusalem.com/jerusalem/1957b.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration: none;">NEAR EAST KEY TO WAR OR PEACE</a>Or if King Hussein of Jordan...should be assassinated by Syrian or PALESTINIAN agents...<br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="color: #cc0000; font-weight: bold;">"Nablus is a center of discontented PALESTINIANS and Arab refugees from Israel</span><span style="font-weight: bold;"><span style="color: #cc0000;">" SOME THINGS NEVER CHANGE</span></span></span></div>
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<big><big><span style="font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">1958</span></span></big></big></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">1. 14 FEBRUARY 1958<br />News Frederick Maryland <br /><a href="http://www.shalomjerusalem.com/jerusalem/1958.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration: none;">IRAQ, JORDAN JOINED IN FEDERATION</a><br />There still was the possibility, however, that pressure from the million Palestine Arabs living in Jordan - more than 15 percent of the new federation's total population - would force Iraq out of the pact. The PALESTINIANS generally agree with the Egyptian-Syrian contention that the Baghdad Pact is a threat to Arab unit.[y]<br /><br /><br /><br />2. 23 MAY 1958<br />Lethbridge Herald Lethbridge Alberta <br /><a href="http://www.shalomjerusalem.com/jerusalem/1958.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration: none;">BEHIND LEBANON'S STRIFE</a><br />The army deported scores of PALESTINIANS, Syrians and Egyptians suspected of being under orders to exploit Lebanon's internal troubles for the benefit of Nasser's United Arab Republic<br /><br /><br />3. 21 JULY 1958<br />Appleton Post Crescent Appleton Wisconsin <br /><a href="http://www.shalomjerusalem.com/jerusalem/1958.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration: none;">WEST'S CONTROL OF OIL SHAKEN IN IRAQ; NOW WITHIN POLITICAL GRASP OF NASSAR</a><br />And his expanded educational facilities and governmental system are heavily staffed by Egyptians and Cairo oriented PALESTINIANS.<br /><br /><br />4. 23 JULY 1958<br />Lancaster Eagle Gazette Lancaster Ohio <br /><a href="http://www.shalomjerusalem.com/jerusalem/1958.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration: none;">NASSAR VIRTUALLY CALLS FOR HUSSEIN'S DEATH</a><br />Nasser pointedly referred to the late King Abdullah, Husseion's grandfather, and the year 1951 in which Abdullah was assassinated by Arab PALESTINIANS.<br /><br /> <br />5. 4 AUGUST 1958<br />Berkshire Eagle Pittsfield Massachusetts <br /><a href="http://www.shalomjerusalem.com/jerusalem/1958.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration: none;">JORDAN, ISOLATED IN EMBROILED MIDEAST, WAS CREATED BY CHURCHILL, BACKED BY BRITAIN</a><br />In 1950 this area was formally incorporated in the Kingdom of Jordan and at one stroke the population of the kingdom was doubled by 750,000 dispossessed and disgruntled PALESTINIANS.<br /><br /><br />6. 29 AUGUST 1958 Berkshire Eagle Pittsfield Massachusetts<br /><a href="http://www.shalomjerusalem.com/jerusalem/1958.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration: none;">PALESTINIAN ARAB TO ADDRESS ROTARY</a><br />Isa Mushawar, a Palestinian Arab, will speak on the Middle East and its problems at a meeting of the Rotary Club.</span></div>
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<span style="color: #cc0000;"><span style="font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">PALESTINIAN Arab is still predominantly used to describe the Arab inhabitants of the region.</span></span></span><hr style="height: 2px; width: 520px;" />
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<big><big><span style="font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">1959</span></span></big></big></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">1. 13 JANUARY 1959 Berkshire Eagle Pittsfield Massachusetts<br /><a href="http://www.shalomjerusalem.com/jerusalem/1959.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration: none;">ARAB REFUGEES CALLED KEY TO ISRAEL-JORDAN PEACE</a><br />In refugee settlements in Jordan, some of which Mr Adams visited, live some 700,000 Palestinian Arabs, who left Israel during the 1948 fighting.<br /><br /><br />2. 19 MARCH 1959<br />Gettysburg Times Gettysburg Pennsylvania <br /><a href="http://www.shalomjerusalem.com/jerusalem/1959b.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration: none;">THE DAY CHRIST DIED</a><br />Ironically this group of PALESTINIANS had now turned the political table askew so that they appeared to be more loyal to the cause of Tiberius than Caeser's hand- appointed governor.<br /><br /><br />3. 28 MARCH 1959<br />Nevada State Journal Reno Nevada <br /><a href="http://www.shalomjerusalem.com/jerusalem/1959.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration: none;">REDS ATTEMPT TO TAKE OVER WHOLE NATION</a><br />PALESTINIANS, suspected of pro-Nasser sympathies, are trying to get out quickly. <br /><br /><br />4. 21 JULY 1959<br />Appleton Post Crescent Appleton Wisconsin <br /><a href="http://www.shalomjerusalem.com/jerusalem/1959.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration: none;">FOREIGN STUDENTS TALK AT MEETING OF ALLENVILLE GRANGE</a><br />He is a PALESTINIAN Arab refugee<br /><br /><br />5. 31 AUGUST 1959<br />Reno Evening Gazette Reno Nevada <br /><a href="http://www.shalomjerusalem.com/jerusalem/1959.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration: none;">ARAB LEAGUE AND REFUGEES</a><br />...and one of the principal subjects for the conference is the problem of the Arab PALESTINIAN refugees.<br /><br /><br />6. 26 SEPTEMBER 1959<br />The Berkshire Evening Eagle Pittsfield Massachusetts <br /><a href="http://www.shalomjerusalem.com/jerusalem/1959.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration: none;">FRENCH WALKOUT AT U.N. FOLLOWS ARABIAN BLAST</a><br />But members of the French delegation returned at the conclusion of a vitriolic speech by Ahmad Shukairy, 51, a PALESTINIAN Arab...</span></div>
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<span style="color: #cc0000; font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">In going over the 1950's, and reading the actual news articles on the number of Palestinian Arab refugees, I keep reading different figures that range from 130,000 to 1,000,000</span></span></div>
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Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03548930328958735839noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6445230771985640972.post-48065825869963549222015-08-16T14:13:00.003-07:002015-08-16T14:13:50.664-07:00Hurva Synagogue Photos<br />
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<span style="background-color: white; color: blue; font-size: x-large;">Hurva Synagogue Photos</span></h3>
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<span style="background-color: white;">The reconstruction of the Hurva Synagogue is not related to the Bible, but it has our interest because it is such a prominent feature in the Old City of Jerusalem. Until 1948, there were two major synagogues in the Jewish Quarter, but my guess is that most visitors today are unaware of Tiferet Israel. The remains of this synagogue lie just north of the main staircase leading down to the Western Wall plaza. Hurva, on the other hand, is well known because of its central and visible location in the Jewish Quarter plaza. Many tour guides would stop and explain the significance of the <a href="http://www.bibleplaces.com/jewishquarter.htm" style="color: #666699;">lone arch</a> before allowing their listeners to buy a falafel or to shop in the <a href="http://www.bibleplaces.com/cardo.htm" style="color: #666699;">Cardo</a>.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white;">This photo below, part of <em><a href="http://www.lifeintheholyland.com/42_jerusalem_matson_american_colony.htm" style="color: #666699;">The American Colony and Eric Matson Collection</a></em>, is a view of the Jewish Quarter from the Temple Mount taken in the early 1900s. The large building on the left skyline is the Tiferet Israel Synagogue. The building with the large dome on the right is the Hurva Synagogue. The houses in the foreground stand where today the Western Wall prayer plaza is located.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white;"><a href="http://lh6.ggpht.com/_x4Gor5dqvi8/S6odToStHYI/AAAAAAAAA-A/NOUwN0kQxC4/s1600-h/JewishQuarterfromTempleMountmat04722%5B2%5D.jpg" style="color: #666699; font-size: small;"><img alt="Jewish Quarter from Temple Mount, mat04722" border="0" height="305" src="http://lh3.ggpht.com/_x4Gor5dqvi8/S6odUGDY9fI/AAAAAAAAA-E/HDIrFWpvAQ4/JewishQuarterfromTempleMountmat04722%5B1%5D.jpg?imgmax=800" style="border-color: rgb(221, 221, 221) rgb(192, 192, 192) rgb(192, 192, 192) rgb(221, 221, 221); border-style: solid; border-width: 0px; display: block; float: none; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; padding: 6px;" title="Jewish Quarter from Temple Mount, mat04722" width="404" /></a><em>Jewish Quarter, early 1900's</em></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white;">We’ve posted <a href="http://www.google.com/search?q=hurva&btnG=Search&domains=http%3A%2F%2Fblog.bibleplaces.com&sitesearch=http%3A%2F%2Fblog.bibleplaces.com" style="color: #666699;">a number of times</a> over the course of the synagogue’s reconstruction, and with its dedication last week we anticipate this will be the final post about it. We conclude with recent photographs taken by <a href="http://mmckinny.blogspot.com/" style="color: #666699;">Mindy McKinny</a>. We thank her for permission to share them here.</span></div>
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<img alt="Hurva synagogue, mm0165" border="0" height="272" src="http://lh3.ggpht.com/_x4Gor5dqvi8/S6odU9BlPsI/AAAAAAAAA-I/VH39qD-Gf08/Hurvasynagoguemm0165_thumb1.jpg?imgmax=800" style="border-color: rgb(221, 221, 221) rgb(192, 192, 192) rgb(192, 192, 192) rgb(221, 221, 221); border-style: solid; border-width: 0px; display: block; float: none; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; padding: 6px;" title="Hurva synagogue, mm0165" width="404" /></div>
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<em><b><span style="background-color: white; color: blue;">Hurva Synagogue from south</span></b></em></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhKlc-bt5aVGHIMb6rqmXrvJ-qV667PjUvrEn94s3udr8_U1h8JeS7PotEFG3RMvTCIoKrMui2jFexmuzgr24SVhc4E-LUOy_SxkIex3GMSwsBwcxCQ6zCKFBwEupADNmKI_SxwZ1qqFnQ/s1600-h/Hurvasynagoguelightshowmm02443.jpg" style="background-color: white; color: #666699;"><img alt="Hurva synagogue light show, mm0244" border="0" height="272" src="http://lh4.ggpht.com/_x4Gor5dqvi8/S6odV-uKwaI/AAAAAAAAA-Q/9B3wMb_iHu0/Hurvasynagoguelightshowmm0244_thumb1.jpg?imgmax=800" style="border-color: rgb(221, 221, 221) rgb(192, 192, 192) rgb(192, 192, 192) rgb(221, 221, 221); border-style: solid; border-width: 0px; display: block; float: none; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; padding: 6px;" title="Hurva synagogue light show, mm0244" width="404" /></a></div>
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<em style="background-color: white;">Hurva Synagogue, sound and light show</em></div>
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<span style="background-color: white;"><a href="http://lh5.ggpht.com/_x4Gor5dqvi8/S6odWa6FYSI/AAAAAAAAA-U/AWoRwaHtoB4/s1600-h/Hurvasynagogueinteriormm02824.jpg" style="color: #666699; font-size: small;"><img alt="Hurva synagogue interior, mm0282" border="0" height="404" src="http://lh6.ggpht.com/_x4Gor5dqvi8/S6odWt4ZZ5I/AAAAAAAAA-Y/8xUWwIX2NxI/Hurvasynagogueinteriormm0282_thumb2.jpg?imgmax=800" style="border-color: rgb(221, 221, 221) rgb(192, 192, 192) rgb(192, 192, 192) rgb(221, 221, 221); border-style: solid; border-width: 0px; display: block; float: none; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; padding: 6px;" title="Hurva synagogue interior, mm0282" width="272" /></a><em>Hurva Synagogue interior</em><a href="http://lh4.ggpht.com/_x4Gor5dqvi8/S6odXKgFwfI/AAAAAAAAA-c/dM3uVWeR2MM/s1600-h/HurvasynagogueinteriorpaintingHebron%5B2%5D.jpg" style="color: #666699; font-size: small;"><img alt="Hurva synagogue interior painting Hebron, mm0274" border="0" height="272" src="http://lh6.ggpht.com/_x4Gor5dqvi8/S6odXS3CWhI/AAAAAAAAA-g/ZozZWpaqGpU/HurvasynagogueinteriorpaintingHebron%5B1%5D.jpg?imgmax=800" style="border-color: rgb(221, 221, 221) rgb(192, 192, 192) rgb(192, 192, 192) rgb(221, 221, 221); border-style: solid; border-width: 0px; display: block; float: none; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; padding: 6px;" title="Hurva synagogue interior painting Hebron, mm0274" width="404" /></a></span></div>
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<em style="background-color: white;">Hurva Synagogue painting of Tomb of Patriarchs, Hebron</em></div>
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<span style="background-color: white;">Labels: <a href="http://blog.bibleplaces.com/search/label/American%20Colony%20Photos" rel="tag" style="color: #669933;">American Colony Photos</a>, <a href="http://blog.bibleplaces.com/search/label/Jerusalem" rel="tag" style="color: #666699;">Jerusalem</a></span></div>
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Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03548930328958735839noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6445230771985640972.post-79633022435406782462015-08-16T14:09:00.001-07:002015-08-16T14:09:03.898-07:00Jerusalem and Israel 1930's Behind the lens of Hannah and Efraim Degani<br />
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<span style="color: blue;">Behind the lens of Hannah and Efraim Degani</span></h1>
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<span dir="right"><span class="text16g" dir="ltr" style="font-size: 16px;"><b>Couple that owned Photo Prisma photography shop in Jerusalem documented landscapes of capital, country over many decades. New exhibition displays their fascinating work</b></span></span></div>
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<span class="text14" dir="ltr" style="color: black; font-size: 14px;">Nadav Man</span></div>
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<tr><td class="text12g" style="color: #666666; font-size: 12px;">Published: </td><td class="text12g" style="color: #666666; font-size: 12px;">11.13.09, 07:45 / <a class="index" href="http://www.ynetnews.com/home/0,7340,L-3087,00.html" style="color: #646464;">Israel Travel</a></td></tr>
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<span id="dbIframeDiv" style="background-color: white; color: #666666; font-family: Arial, 'Arial (Hebrew)', 'David (Hebrew)', 'Courier New (Hebrew)'; font-size: 12px;"></span><span style="background-color: white; color: #666666; font-family: Arial, 'Arial (Hebrew)', 'David (Hebrew)', 'Courier New (Hebrew)'; font-size: 12px;"></span><span style="background-color: white; color: #666666; font-family: Arial, 'Arial (Hebrew)', 'David (Hebrew)', 'Courier New (Hebrew)'; font-size: 12px;"></span><span class="text14" id="article_content" style="background-color: white; display: block; font-family: Arial, 'Arial (Hebrew)', 'David (Hebrew)', 'Courier New (Hebrew)'; font-size: 14px;"><span style="display: block;">Many of Jerusalem's residents are familiar with the Photo Prisma photography shop on the capital's Zion Square. The store was purchased by the Degani couple in the 1940s and is still active to this very day.</span></span><br />
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<span class="text14" style="background-color: white; display: block; font-family: Arial, 'Arial (Hebrew)', 'David (Hebrew)', 'Courier New (Hebrew)'; font-size: 14px;"><span style="display: block;">Efraim (1912-2001) was born in Germany, studied medical photography in Italy, arrived in Jerusalem in 1935 and began working as a medical photographer at the Hadassah Hospital.</span></span><br />
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<span class="text14" style="background-color: white; display: block; font-family: Arial, 'Arial (Hebrew)', 'David (Hebrew)', 'Courier New (Hebrew)'; font-size: 14px;"><span style="display: block;">Hannah Degani (nee Shoyer) was born in Germany in 1917, and studied photography as well. She arrived in Tel Aviv in 1936 and worked in a photography shop. In 1940 she studied photomicrography techniques and was employed by Hadassah. She met Efraim at the hospital and the two were married.</span></span><br />
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<span class="text14" style="background-color: white; display: block; font-family: Arial, 'Arial (Hebrew)', 'David (Hebrew)', 'Courier New (Hebrew)'; font-size: 14px;"><span style="display: block;">Hannah and Efraim were ardent Zionists and perpetuated in their photos the landscapes of the Land of Israel, the building of the land, historic events, important people and the country's population.</span></span><br />
<br />
<br />
<span class="text14" style="background-color: white; display: block; font-family: Arial, 'Arial (Hebrew)', 'David (Hebrew)', 'Courier New (Hebrew)'; font-size: 14px;"><span style="display: block;">I found a treasure of photos of Israel when I visited the couple's daughters, Edna and Daniela. A selection from this collection is displayed in an exhibition which opened last week at the Eretz Israel Museum in Tel Aviv. An additional selection will be presented here, in the "Trip to the Past" section.</span></span><br />
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<br /><img border="0" height="270" hm="0" imageid="2250299" src="http://www.ynetnews.com/PicServer2/25102009/2250299/01-Dagani_343_o.jpg" width="408" /><br />
<span class="text14" style="background-color: white; display: block; font-family: Arial, 'Arial (Hebrew)', 'David (Hebrew)', 'Courier New (Hebrew)'; font-size: 14px;"><span style="display: block;"><span style="font-size: 13px; font-weight: bold;">1. Haifa, Carmelheim (Ben-Gurion Boulevard)</span></span></span><br />
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<span style="font-size: 13px; font-weight: bold;"><br /><img border="0" height="270" hm="0" imageid="2250300" src="http://www.ynetnews.com/PicServer2/25102009/2250300/02-Dagani_400_o.jpg" width="408" /> </span><br />
<span class="text14" style="background-color: white; display: block; font-family: Arial, 'Arial (Hebrew)', 'David (Hebrew)', 'Courier New (Hebrew)'; font-size: 14px;"><span style="display: block;"><span style="font-size: 13px; font-weight: bold;">2. Water pool in Jericho</span></span></span><br />
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<span style="font-size: 13px; font-weight: bold;"><br /><img border="0" height="270" hm="0" imageid="2250301" src="http://www.ynetnews.com/PicServer2/25102009/2250301/03-Dagani_401_o.jpg" width="408" /> </span><br />
<span class="text14" style="background-color: white; display: block; font-family: Arial, 'Arial (Hebrew)', 'David (Hebrew)', 'Courier New (Hebrew)'; font-size: 14px;"><span style="display: block;"><span style="font-size: 13px; font-weight: bold;">3. Jordan River</span></span></span><br />
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<span style="font-size: 13px; font-weight: bold;"><br /><img border="0" height="270" hm="0" imageid="2250302" src="http://www.ynetnews.com/PicServer2/25102009/2250302/04-Dagani_415_o.jpg" width="408" /> </span><br />
<span class="text14" style="background-color: white; display: block; font-family: Arial, 'Arial (Hebrew)', 'David (Hebrew)', 'Courier New (Hebrew)'; font-size: 14px;"><span style="display: block;"><span style="font-size: 13px; font-weight: bold;">4. Yarkon River</span></span></span><br />
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<span style="font-size: 13px; font-weight: bold;"><br /><img border="0" height="270" hm="0" imageid="2250303" src="http://www.ynetnews.com/PicServer2/25102009/2250303/05-Dagani_417_o.jpg" width="408" /> </span><br />
<span class="text14" style="background-color: white; display: block; font-family: Arial, 'Arial (Hebrew)', 'David (Hebrew)', 'Courier New (Hebrew)'; font-size: 14px;"><span style="display: block;"><span style="font-size: 13px; font-weight: bold;">5. Tel Aviv beach</span></span></span><br />
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<span style="font-size: 13px; font-weight: bold;"><br /><img border="0" height="270" hm="0" imageid="2250304" src="http://www.ynetnews.com/PicServer2/25102009/2250304/06-Dagani_428_o.jpg" width="408" /> </span><br />
<span class="text14" style="background-color: white; display: block; font-family: Arial, 'Arial (Hebrew)', 'David (Hebrew)', 'Courier New (Hebrew)'; font-size: 14px;"><span style="display: block;"><span style="font-size: 13px; font-weight: bold;">6. Hurva Synagogue in Jerusalem's Jewish Quarter</span></span></span><br />
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<span style="font-size: 13px; font-weight: bold;"><br /><img border="0" height="270" hm="0" imageid="2250306" src="http://www.ynetnews.com/PicServer2/25102009/2250306/11-Dagani_448_o.jpg" width="408" /> </span><br />
<span class="text14" style="background-color: white; display: block; font-family: Arial, 'Arial (Hebrew)', 'David (Hebrew)', 'Courier New (Hebrew)'; font-size: 14px;"><span style="display: block;"><span style="font-size: 13px; font-weight: bold;">7. Tiferet Israel Synagogue in Jerusalem's Jewish Quarter, 1937</span></span></span><br />
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<span style="font-size: 13px; font-weight: bold;"><br /><img border="0" height="270" hm="0" imageid="2251303" src="http://www.ynetnews.com/PicServer2/25102009/2251303/3_waa.jpg" width="408" /> </span><br />
<span class="text14" style="background-color: white; display: block; font-family: Arial, 'Arial (Hebrew)', 'David (Hebrew)', 'Courier New (Hebrew)'; font-size: 14px;"><span style="display: block;"><span style="font-size: 13px; font-weight: bold;">8. Tiferet Israel Synagogue in Jerusalem's Jewish Quarter, 1937</span></span></span><br />
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<span style="font-size: 13px; font-weight: bold;"><br /><img border="0" height="270" hm="0" imageid="2250307" src="http://www.ynetnews.com/PicServer2/25102009/2250307/12-Dagani_507_o.jpg" width="408" /> </span><br />
<span class="text14" style="background-color: white; display: block; font-family: Arial, 'Arial (Hebrew)', 'David (Hebrew)', 'Courier New (Hebrew)'; font-size: 14px;"><span style="display: block;"><span style="font-size: 13px; font-weight: bold;">9. Christian Quarter in Jerusalem's Old City, Lutheran Church of the Redeemer and Muristan neighborhood</span></span></span><br />
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<span style="font-size: 13px; font-weight: bold;"><br /><img border="0" height="270" hm="0" imageid="2250308" src="http://www.ynetnews.com/PicServer2/25102009/2250308/15-Dagani_238_o.jpg" width="408" /> </span><br />
<span class="text14" style="background-color: white; display: block; font-family: Arial, 'Arial (Hebrew)', 'David (Hebrew)', 'Courier New (Hebrew)'; font-size: 14px;"><span style="display: block;"><span style="font-size: 13px; font-weight: bold;">10. Ambulance hit in a terror attack in Jerusalem</span></span></span><br />
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<span style="font-size: 13px; font-weight: bold;"><br /><img border="0" height="270" hm="0" imageid="2250309" src="http://www.ynetnews.com/PicServer2/25102009/2250309/16-Dagani_239_o.jpg" width="408" /> </span><br />
<span class="text14" style="background-color: white; display: block; font-family: Arial, 'Arial (Hebrew)', 'David (Hebrew)', 'Courier New (Hebrew)'; font-size: 14px;"><span style="display: block;"><span style="font-size: 13px; font-weight: bold;">11. Another ambulance hit in the Jerusalem terror attack </span></span></span><br />
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<span style="font-size: 13px; font-weight: bold;"><br /><img border="0" height="270" hm="0" imageid="2250310" src="http://www.ynetnews.com/PicServer2/25102009/2250310/17-Dagani_585_o.jpg" width="408" /> </span><br />
<span style="font-size: 13px; font-weight: bold;">12. November 17, 1949. State funeral in Jerusalem for more than 300 people killed in Gush Etzion and in the battles of Radar Hill, Latrun and Neve Yaakov</span><br />
<span style="font-size: 13px; font-weight: bold;"><br /><img border="0" height="270" hm="0" imageid="2250320" src="http://www.ynetnews.com/PicServer2/25102009/2250320/18-Dagani_273_o.jpg" width="408" /></span><br />
<span style="font-size: 13px; font-weight: bold;">13. People in Jerusalem</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: 13px; font-weight: bold;"><br /><img border="0" height="270" hm="0" imageid="2250321" src="http://www.ynetnews.com/PicServer2/25102009/2250321/20-Dagani_281_o.jpg" width="408" /></span><br />
<span style="font-size: 13px; font-weight: bold;">14. People in Jerusalem</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: 13px; font-weight: bold;"><br /><img border="0" height="270" hm="0" imageid="2250322" src="http://www.ynetnews.com/PicServer2/25102009/2250322/22-DeganiFilm_070_o.jpg" width="408" /> </span><span style="font-size: 13px; font-weight: bold;"> </span><br />
<span class="text14" style="background-color: white; display: block; font-family: Arial, 'Arial (Hebrew)', 'David (Hebrew)', 'Courier New (Hebrew)'; font-size: 14px;"><span style="display: block;"><span style="font-size: 13px; font-weight: bold;">15. One of first the IDF parades in Jerusalem</span></span></span><br />
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<span style="font-size: 13px; font-weight: bold;"><br /><img border="0" height="270" hm="0" imageid="2250323" src="http://www.ynetnews.com/PicServer2/25102009/2250323/23-DeganiFilm_007_o.jpg" width="408" /> </span><br />
<span class="text14" style="background-color: white; display: block; font-family: Arial, 'Arial (Hebrew)', 'David (Hebrew)', 'Courier New (Hebrew)'; font-size: 14px;"><span style="display: block;"><span style="font-size: 13px; font-weight: bold;">16. The first Israel Railways journey to Jerusalem took place on August 7, 1949. From right to left: Former Minister Dov Yosef and former Prime Ministers Golda Meir and David Ben-Gurion</span></span></span><br />
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<span style="font-size: 13px; font-weight: bold;"><br /><img border="0" height="270" hm="0" imageid="2250324" src="http://www.ynetnews.com/PicServer2/25102009/2250324/24-Degani_11_o.jpg" width="408" /> </span><br />
<span class="text14" style="background-color: white; display: block; font-family: Arial, 'Arial (Hebrew)', 'David (Hebrew)', 'Courier New (Hebrew)'; font-size: 14px;"><span style="display: block;"><span style="font-size: 13px; font-weight: bold;">17. Southeastern corner in Old City wall in Jerusalem. A Hannah Degani photo from 1938</span></span></span><br />
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<span class="text14" style="background-color: white; display: block; font-family: Arial, 'Arial (Hebrew)', 'David (Hebrew)', 'Courier New (Hebrew)'; font-size: 14px;"><span style="display: block;"></span></span><br />
<ul style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-right: 16px; margin-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px;">
<li><span style="font-size: 13px; font-weight: bold;">Nadav man arranged and prepared the exhibition at the Eretz Israel Museum </span></li>
</ul>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03548930328958735839noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6445230771985640972.post-10081132195933394612015-08-16T10:45:00.004-07:002015-08-16T10:45:41.686-07:00A heavenly maiden with an orb of gold Sits by the Mediterranean Sea - YJ Draiman<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjXcuVus3jeb0EHNs9t-JmO-TDGOKp3SGcn_6m-e4bZmSWIWoq26Qvoh52qwLZFiZo-q-VkAn1FkFvXxeLVXQFL8uOGETdgX0OrSO_ZzP8MHY5KALPzZ3PR6jPzK2k2scaZ7EYJQ7vKJv4/s1600/usi+logo+hex+613.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjXcuVus3jeb0EHNs9t-JmO-TDGOKp3SGcn_6m-e4bZmSWIWoq26Qvoh52qwLZFiZo-q-VkAn1FkFvXxeLVXQFL8uOGETdgX0OrSO_ZzP8MHY5KALPzZ3PR6jPzK2k2scaZ7EYJQ7vKJv4/s1600/usi+logo+hex+613.png" /></a></div>
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<b style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; line-height: 18.48px;"><span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-size: x-large;">A heavenly maiden with an orb of gold<br />Sits by the Mediterranean Sea<br />She gazes at the sailors and ships<br />That pass by for eternity<br />Who are you? fair maiden, they ask<br />What is your pedigree<br />I am a Jew, she answers, and that's my destiny<br />I am called Israel born of steel and fire<br />I have gathered my children from many lands afar<br />From East and West and South and North<br />They came in multitude<br />And they have made me what I am<br />In everlasting gratitude<br />I am their mother and they are my children<br />That's how we both feel<br />Israel (my name) is a reality<br />That adversity could not kill.</span></span></b>Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03548930328958735839noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6445230771985640972.post-87280840492062098542015-08-16T10:43:00.002-07:002015-08-16T10:43:32.398-07:00A heavenly maiden with an orb of gold Sits by the Mediterranean Sea She gazes at the sailors and ships - YJ Draiman<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj7y-ooxe9OyEK-7KLYqEdbLzEtu5UxGCqAz3gDsvYZjCPO_gI8yg2sooXZGXgywdbD4xmbS-R0swwxmg1L9caCIOmUSSBGNkTX5KxY6twmubxe7actNjZteItceNFjXkCFf_0PffK9aHM/s1600/USI_LOGO_WITH_FAITH.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj7y-ooxe9OyEK-7KLYqEdbLzEtu5UxGCqAz3gDsvYZjCPO_gI8yg2sooXZGXgywdbD4xmbS-R0swwxmg1L9caCIOmUSSBGNkTX5KxY6twmubxe7actNjZteItceNFjXkCFf_0PffK9aHM/s320/USI_LOGO_WITH_FAITH.JPG" width="277" /></a></div>
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<b style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; line-height: 18.48px;"><span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-size: x-large;">A heavenly maiden with an orb of gold<br />Sits by the Mediterranean Sea<br />She gazes at the sailors and ships<br />That pass by for eternity<br />Who are you? fair maiden, they ask<br />What is your pedigree<br />I am a Jew, she answers, and that's my destiny<br />I am called Israel born of steel and fire<br />I have gathered my children from many lands afar<br />From East and West and South and North<br />They came in multitude<br />And they have made me what I am<br />In everlasting gratitude<br />I am their mother and they are my children<br />That's how we both feel<br />Israel (my name) is a reality<br />That adversity could not kill.</span></span></b>Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03548930328958735839noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6445230771985640972.post-30700290564791078432015-08-13T09:27:00.000-07:002015-08-13T09:27:08.066-07:00Jewish Prayer for Peace - YJ Draiman<br />
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Jewish Prayer for Peace - YJ Draiman</h3>
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<br /><span style="color: blue; font-size: medium;"><b>Jewish Prayer for Peace</b></span><br style="font-size: 13.2px; line-height: 18.48px;" /><span style="color: blue; font-size: medium;"><b><br /></b></span><span style="font-size: 13.2px; line-height: 18.48px;"></span><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; font-size: 13.2px; line-height: 18.48px; text-align: center;">
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Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03548930328958735839noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6445230771985640972.post-91879813483223884312015-08-12T03:05:00.003-07:002015-08-12T13:32:47.690-07:00Great Britain, Palestine and the Jewish PeopleGreat Britain, Palestine and the Jewish People - Chanukah<br />
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My Lord Mayor, this candle has been lighted in Jewish homes for over 2,000 years, and it represents the undying flame of hope - the characteristic of the Jewish people in those long years when they never lost hope that one day the Divine promise might be fulfilled before their eyes.<br />
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Continuing, Sir Stuart Samuel said that, with regard to the Declaration of the British government, he thought it was far easier to return Palestine to the Jewish people than for the Jewish people to return to Palestine.<br />
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Jews to be successful in Palestine-Israel must be united; not only in this country, but throughout the world should they present a united front, for united they were strong.<br />
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He appealed to all to sink their own views for the common good. The welfare of their brother Jewish people must be the idea that should permeate them all. Small ideas must vanish for the welfare of the whole. After centuries of waiting to return to their homeland, progress must be gradual; one could not gamble when the fate of the Jewish people was at stake. No large influx of population must go forth to Palestine till it was prepared to receive them. Jews must give religious freedom to others as they themselves expected. They should hold out a helping hand to other nations who has suffered; firstly, to the Armenians, and to a less extent the Arabs as fellow partners in misfortune, and show them that the Jewish people desired to live in peace and amity with them. Let the Jewish people always remember that it was due to the freedom enjoyed in this blessed country, England, that they could thus hold out hope of brotherhood. Living in England, they could realize thoroughly the gift of freedom. To sympathize deeply, one must suffer deeply. The cities of Palestine would be as cities of refuge to the persecuted in G-d's own time and bring peace to Israel. He stated; The world owed a great debt to the Jewish people, who had held up that great idea and been true to it through torment and torture, the idea of again acquiring their land in Palestine and rebuilding their nation. He earnestly hoped that the idea would be realized, and it was best realized by winning the war, and by destroying forever German militarism and by crushing it with ferocity. When peace at length came than the vision of the prophet Isaiah would be realized.<br />
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Sir Mark Sykes said that since Mr. Balfour's letter to Lord Rothschild - that a Jewish homeland would be established in Palestine - testimony had come from millions of Jewish peoples all over the world that the mass of Jewry was profoundly moved. Although within the two thousand years past Jewry had on occasion moved in unison it had always before been on some matter of grief and never a joy.<br />
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The war had been fruitful in negatives, but here was a great positive. For centuries there had been something amiss with civilization. Every nation and every continent had had its Jewish problem, oppressive laws, Ghettos, Pales; here Jews were proscribed and evicted, there tolerated and assimilated, and between the two one did not know better. The realization of the Zionist ideal was the end of all that. Zionism would give the Jewish people of the world a higher position than they had ever held before. Although few might go to Palestine-Israel in proportion to those who remained without, the latter would not suffer. No British Jewish person would be less British because he could look at the cradle of his race with pride and at the religious center of his faith with happiness and reverence. when the spiritual citizenship was clearly and nobly defined the civic citizenship would be higher than ever before.<br />
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But there was practical considerations. He regarded it a vital for the success of the Zionist plan that it should rest upon a Jewish, Armenian, and Arab entente. The Armenian was one of an oppressed people, and until he could live his life and realize his national aspirations the Jewish people could have no guaranty that tyranny which fell upon him would not fall upon them. We had been told that the Turk had tolerated the Jewish people. It was because in Turkey the Jewish people had not been a political element, and had had no agrarian population. The day that Zionism was realized they were land-holders, and became to the Turk the same as the Bulgar, the Serb, the Greek, the Armenian, the Arab. Until they had liberated the Armenians they could not be secure; they must have between themselves and their possible aggressor a stable progressive Armenian state.<br />
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When he spoke of the Arabs he entered into no nice distinctions. He referred to those in Asia who were one in language and in blood. By environment they called Syrians, Mesopotamians, Mosulis, Aleppines; by religion they were called Christians, Mussulmans, Druzez, Mitawelis, Ansaries; in blood, there was on the male side a little infusion in Syria of the Crusader, and in Mesopotamia of Turanian and Iranian, but scientists would call these only traces. Eighty-five per cent of the stock was Semitic. For 800 years the Arabs had been under Turkish dynasties in the Middle East. Their canals of Mesopotamia had been ruined, and when Vasco de Gama rounded the Cape he cut them off the European commerce. They were bound, impoverished, divided by Turkish intrigue, and isolated by events. Were they dead? Never. "you know the Semite sleeps but never dies." Wherever there were men of Arab stock, whether in Nigeria or Chicago, Java or Manchester, one would find progressive people who took interest in the art, in literature, in philosophy, and had a high place in commerce. The Arabs of today had the same vitality and capacity as the Arabs under the Ommayads carried civilization from Damascus to Cordova in Spain, and from Basra to the wild steppes of Austral Asia; as the Abbassids who spread literature and art from Bagdad to the whole civilized world.<br />
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<br />Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03548930328958735839noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6445230771985640972.post-58400376336080773572015-08-12T01:21:00.000-07:002015-08-12T01:21:27.416-07:00United State of Israel - YJ Draiman<br />
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<b><span style="color: blue; font-size: x-large;">United State of Israel - YJ Draiman</span></b><br />
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<b><span style="color: blue; font-size: x-large;">"A unified Israel is a strong Israel"</span></b><br />
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<b><span style="color: blue; font-size: x-large;">http://unitedstateofisrael.com</span></b><br />
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<b><span style="color: blue; font-size: x-large;">Faith</span></b><br />
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<b><span style="color: blue; font-size: x-large;">Family</span></b><br />
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<b><span style="color: blue; font-size: x-large;">Fortitude</span></b><br />
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<b><span style="color: blue; font-size: x-large;">Unity</span></b>Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03548930328958735839noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6445230771985640972.post-28477513343056716612015-08-12T01:16:00.000-07:002015-08-12T01:16:20.597-07:00Friend for life. READ ALL THE WAY THROUGH AND SEE HOW YOU FEEL<br />
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<i><span style="font-size: medium;">Some good words of advice.</span></i></div>
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<i><span style="font-size: medium;">If you tell the truth you don’t get caught out</span></i></div>
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<span style="font-family: helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt;">Always remember to play nicely in the sandbox. You never know when one of those people may become your best <b><span style="color: blue;">Friend for life.</span></b></span><span style="font-family: helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 24pt;"><b><span style="color: blue;"> </span></b></span><span style="font-family: helvetica, sans-serif;"><b><span style="color: blue;">READ ALL THE WAY THROUGH AND SEE HOW YOU FEEL</span></b> AND IF YOU DECIDE PLEASE RETURN LIKE IT STATES.</span><span lang="EN-AU" style="font-family: calibri, sans-serif;"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 24pt;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;">A successful businessman was growing old and knew it was time to choose a successor to take over the business.<br /><br />Instead of choosing one of his Directors or his children, he decided to do something different. He called all the young executives in his company together.<br /><br />He said, "It is time for me to step down and choose the next CEO. I have decided to choose one of you. "The young executives were Shocked, but the boss continued. "I am going to give each one of you a SEED today - one very special SEED. I want you to plant the seed, water it, and come back here one year from today with what you have grown from the seed I have given you.<br />I will then judge the plants that you bring, and the one I choose will be the next CEO."<br /><br />One man, named Jim, was there that day and he, like the others, received a seed. He went home and excitedly, told his wife the story She helped him get a pot, soil and compost and he planted the seed. Every day, he would water it and watch to see if it had grown. After about three weeks, some of the other executives began to talk about their seeds and the plants that were beginning to grow.<br /><br />Jim kept checking his seed, but nothing ever grew.<br /><br />Three weeks, four weeks, five weeks went by, still nothing.<br />By now, others were talking about their plants, but Jim didn't have a plant and he felt like a failure.<br /><br />Six months went by -- still nothing in Jim's pot. He just knew he had killed his seed. Everyone else had trees and tall plants, but he had nothing.<br />Jim didn't say anything to his colleagues, however, he just kept watering and fertilizing the soil - He so wanted the seed to grow.<br /><br />A year finally went by and all the young executives of the company brought their plants to the CEO for inspection.<br /><br />Jim told his wife that he wasn't going to take an empty pot.<br />But she asked him to be honest about what happened. Jim felt sick to his stomach, it was going to be the most embarrassing moment of his life, but he knew his wife was right. He took his empty pot to the boardroom.<br /></span><span style="font-family: helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 24pt;">When Jim arrived, he was amazed at the variety of plants grown by the other executives. They were beautiful - in all shapes and sizes Jim put his empty pot on the floor and many of his colleagues laughed, a few felt sorry for him!<br />When the CEO arrived, he surveyed the room and greeted his young executives.<br /><br />Jim just tried to hide in the back. "My, what great plants, trees and flowers you have grown," said the CEO. "Today one of you will be appointed the next CEO!"<br /><br />All of a sudden, the CEO spotted Jim at the back of the room with his empty pot. He ordered the Financial Director to bring him to the front. Jim was terrified.. He thought, "The CEO knows I'm a failure! Maybe he will have me fired!"<br /><br />When Jim got to the front, the CEO asked him what had happened to his seed,Jim told him the story.<br /><br />The CEO asked everyone to sit down except Jim. He looked at Jim, and then announced to the young executives, "Behold your next Chief Executive Officer!<br /><br />His name is "Jim!" Jim couldn't believe it. Jim couldn't even grow his seed.<br /><br />"How could he be the new CEO?" the others said.<br /><br />Then the CEO said, "One year ago today, I gave everyone in this room a seed. I told you to take the seed, plant it, water it, and bring it back to me today. But I gave you all boiled seeds; they were dead - it was not possible for them to grow.<br /><br />All of you, except Jim, have brought me trees and plants and flowers. When you found that the seed would not grow, you substituted another seed for the one I gave you. Jim was the only one with the courage and honesty to bring me a pot with my seed in it. Therefore, he is the one who will be the new Chief Executive Officer!"<br /><br />* If you plant honesty, you will reap trust<br />* If you plant goodness, you will reap friends<br />* If you plant humility, you will reap greatness<br />* If you plant perseverance, you will reap contentment<br />* If you plant consideration, you will reap perspective<br />* If you plant hard work, you will reap success<br />* If you plant forgiveness, you will reap reconciliation<br /><br />So, be careful what you plant now;it will determine what you will reap later. Think about this for a minute.<br /><br />If I happened to show up on your door step crying,would you care?<br />If I called you and asked you to pick me up because something happened, would you come?<br />If I had one day left to live my life, would you be part of that last day?<br />If I needed a shoulder to cry on, would you give me yours?<br />This is a test to see who your real friends are or if you are just someone to talk to you when they are bored.<br /><br />Do you know what the relationship is between your two eyes?<br /><br />They blink together,<br />they move together,<br />they cry together,<br />they see things together,<br />and they sleep together,<br />but they never see each other;<br />that's what friendship is.<br />Your aspiration is your motivation,<br />your motivation is your belief ,<br />your belief is your peace,<br />your peace is your target,<br />your target is heaven,<br />and life is like hard core<br />torture without it!<br /><br />It's 'World Best Friends Week'<br /><br />Who is your best friend?<br /><br />Send this to all your good friends,<br />even me, if I am one of them.</span><span lang="EN-AU" style="font-family: calibri, sans-serif;"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 24pt;"><br />See how many you get back.<br /><br />If you get more than 3 then you really are a lovable person.</span><span lang="EN-AU" style="font-family: calibri, sans-serif;"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 24pt;">Save the Earth. It's the only planet with chocolate!</span></div>
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Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03548930328958735839noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6445230771985640972.post-72179230592250290402015-08-12T01:11:00.002-07:002015-08-12T01:11:44.474-07:00The Land of Israel and Palestine and the 4th Geneva Convention<img src="http://unitedstateofisrael.com/images/logo/e2146b88e0d9e4506204f29f61e3379a.png?template=aa-04&colorScheme=blue&header=&button=buttons1&.png" /><br />
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<span style="color: blue;">The Land of Israel and Palestine and the 4th Geneva Convention</span></h1>
<span style="background-color: white; color: #666666; font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">"Claims of their illegality are based on the final paragraph (6) of Article 49 of the 4th Geneva Convention, Relative to the Protection of Civilian Persons in Time of War, of August 12, 1949. This states: </span><br style="background-color: white; color: #666666; font-family: Arial, sans-serif;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #666666; font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">'The Occupying Power shall not deport or transfer parts of its own civilian population into the territory it occupies.' </span><br style="background-color: white; color: #666666; font-family: Arial, sans-serif;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #666666; font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">However, Article 2 states that the Convention applies 'to cases of ... occupation of the territory of a High Contracting Party' by another such Party. The West Bank was illegally occupied by Jordan after it rejected the UN partition resolution and attacked the nascent State of Israel in 1948. (According to the principle of 'ex injuria non oriturius' no legal claim to territory can arise out of an illegal aggression.) </span><br style="background-color: white; color: #666666; font-family: Arial, sans-serif;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #666666; font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">"In contrast, Israel's presence in this area is entirely lawful, since Israel entered it lawfully in self-defense, and she is entitled to negotiate the extent and the terms of her withdrawal. </span><br style="background-color: white; color: #666666; font-family: Arial, sans-serif;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #666666; font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">"As the West Bank does not belong to any other state (there has never been a nation-state of Palestine, and Jordan has since renounced its illegitimate territorial claims), the Convention can not apply to it at all. "</span><br style="background-color: white; color: #666666; font-family: Arial, sans-serif;" /><br style="background-color: white; color: #666666; font-family: Arial, sans-serif;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #666666; font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">(NB. It is universally recognized that the UN General Assembly has no power to create binding rules of law by simple resolution.) </span><br style="background-color: white; color: #666666; font-family: Arial, sans-serif;" /><br style="background-color: white; color: #666666; font-family: Arial, sans-serif;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #666666; font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">"Further, when Article 49 of the 4th Geneva Convention was drafted, it was directed against the Nazis' practice of forcibly transporting unwanted populations into or out of occupied territories for the purpose of 'liquidating' them, or to provide slave labor, or for other inhumane purposes. </span><br style="background-color: white; color: #666666; font-family: Arial, sans-serif;" /><br style="background-color: white; color: #666666; font-family: Arial, sans-serif;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #666666; font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">"These genocidal objectives were, of course, directed in large part against the Jews. " Thus, even if one assumed that Israel's position in the West Bank was one of merely an occupying power, Article 49 would forbid deportation or transfer of its own population onto the West Bank whenever this action (a) impaired the economic situation or racial integrity of the native population of the occupied territory, or (b) resulted in inhuman treatment of its own population. "</span><br style="background-color: white; color: #666666; font-family: Arial, sans-serif;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #666666; font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">Re point (a), the prominence of the question of legality of Jewish settlements on the West Bank reflects the tensions of the peace process, rather than the magnitude of any demographic movement. </span><br style="background-color: white; color: #666666; font-family: Arial, sans-serif;" /><br style="background-color: white; color: #666666; font-family: Arial, sans-serif;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #666666; font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">The reality is clear that there has been no serious dilution (and certainly no eradication) of the 'separate racial existence' of the native population - nor is such a scenario likely. Also, the standard of living of the large Arab population in the West Bank is significantly higher than that of Arab populations in neighboring states. </span><br style="background-color: white; color: #666666; font-family: Arial, sans-serif;" /><br style="background-color: white; color: #666666; font-family: Arial, sans-serif;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #666666; font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">"Re point (b), the terms of Article 49(6) are totally irrelevant. Were one to make them relevant, the effect of Article 49(6) would impose an obligation on the State of Israel to ensure (by force if necessary) that these areas, despite their millennial association with Jewish life, shall be forever judenrein (free of Jews). Thus, a legal instrument designed to prevent a repetition of Nazi genocidal policies of making areas judenrein would come to mean that the West Bank must be made judenrein and must be maintained in such a state, if necessary by the use of force by the government of Israel against its own inhabitants. </span><br style="background-color: white; color: #666666; font-family: Arial, sans-serif;" /><br style="background-color: white; color: #666666; font-family: Arial, sans-serif;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #666666; font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">"To argue this legal point I have quoted freely from "Israel and Palestine - Assault on the Law of Nations" by the late Julius Stone, the Challis Professor of International Law and Jurisprudence at the University of Sydney. </span><br style="background-color: white; color: #666666; font-family: Arial, sans-serif;" /><br style="background-color: white; color: #666666; font-family: Arial, sans-serif;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #666666; font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">(Among his many accolades, Professor Stone received the award of the American Society of International Law in 1956, and was made an honorary life member of the Society in 1962. In 1965, he received the World Law Research Award of the Washington Conference on World Peace Through Law. He was also Distinguished Professor of Jurisprudence and International Law at Hastings College of Law, University of California.) </span>Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03548930328958735839noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6445230771985640972.post-87072369677939405102015-08-02T09:34:00.001-07:002015-08-02T09:34:20.137-07:00THE BRITISH MANDATE OVER PALESTINE and its violations r1<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiW3tN8guBlE2oTO0gOyq9-SZTZB5WmQdm2Q252iXQFsPNJDw3_g_nNZvkIlJC7vwLW5kEcN3ajkQHxvfUXkljeKp4IIIWRdxISiLgG68v8IEC4G_daKSJ8XtTu4YgZq29Lb9CSEyeFrhU/s1600/000+pal-mandate-san-remo+-+Israel+borders+1920.gif" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiW3tN8guBlE2oTO0gOyq9-SZTZB5WmQdm2Q252iXQFsPNJDw3_g_nNZvkIlJC7vwLW5kEcN3ajkQHxvfUXkljeKp4IIIWRdxISiLgG68v8IEC4G_daKSJ8XtTu4YgZq29Lb9CSEyeFrhU/s320/000+pal-mandate-san-remo+-+Israel+borders+1920.gif" width="247" /></a></div>
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<b><span style="color: blue; font-size: 14.0pt;">THE BRITISH MANDATE OVER </span></b><st1:city><st1:place><b><span style="color: blue; font-size: 14.0pt;">PALESTINE</span></b></st1:place></st1:city><b><span style="color: blue; font-size: 14.0pt;">
and its violations r1</span></b><b><span style="color: navy; font-size: 14.0pt;"><br />
</span></b><span style="color: navy; font-size: 14.0pt;"><br />
As stated above, the 1920 San Remo Conference decided to place </span><st1:city><st1:place><span style="color: navy; font-size: 14.0pt;">Palestine</span></st1:place></st1:city><span style="color: navy; font-size: 14.0pt;"> under British Mandatory rule making </span><st1:country-region><st1:place><span style="color: navy; font-size: 14.0pt;">Britain</span></st1:place></st1:country-region><span style="color: navy; font-size: 14.0pt;"> responsible for giving effect to the 1917
Balfour declaration that had been adopted by the other Allied Powers and
ratified under International treaty as International law.. The resulting
“Mandate for Palestine,” was an historical League of Nations document that laid
down the Jewish legal right to settle anywhere in Palestine and the San Remo
Resolution incorporated the 1917 Balfour Declaration, this validated it as part
of international law, which was confirmed by the Treaty of Sevres and Lausanne,
together with Article 22 of the Covenant of the League of Nations became
the basic documents on which the Mandate for Palestine was established. The
Mandate’s declaration of July 24, 1922 states unambiguously that Britain became
responsible for putting the Balfour Declaration, in favor of the establishment
in Palestine of a national home for the Jewish people, into effect and it
confirmed that recognition had thereby been given to the historical connection
of the Jewish people with Palestine and to the grounds for reconstituting their
national home in that country. It is highly relevant that at that time the </span><st1:place><span style="color: navy; font-size: 14.0pt;">West Bank</span></st1:place><span style="color: navy; font-size: 14.0pt;"> (</span><st1:place><span style="color: navy; font-size: 14.0pt;">Judea</span></st1:place><span style="color: navy; font-size: 14.0pt;"> and </span><st1:city><st1:place><span style="color: navy; font-size: 14.0pt;">Samaria</span></st1:place></st1:city><span style="color: navy; font-size: 14.0pt;">) and parts of what today is </span><st1:country-region><st1:place><span style="color: navy; font-size: 14.0pt;">Jordan</span></st1:place></st1:country-region><span style="color: navy; font-size: 14.0pt;"> were included as a Jewish Homeland.
However, on September 16, 1922, the British in violation of the Treaty divided
the Mandate territory of Palestine, west of the Jordan became Transjordan, east
of the Jordan River was for the Jewish State, in accordance with the McMahon
Correspondence of 1915 which was not approved by the British Parliament. </span><st1:place><span style="color: navy; font-size: 14.0pt;">Transjordan</span></st1:place><span style="color: navy; font-size: 14.0pt;"> became illegally exempt from the Mandate
provisions concerning the Jewish National Home, effectively removing about 78%
of the original territory of the area in which a Jewish National home was to be
established in terms of the Balfour Declaration and the </span><st1:city><st1:place><span style="color: navy; font-size: 14.0pt;">San Remo</span></st1:place></st1:city><span style="color: navy; font-size: 14.0pt;"> resolution as well as the British Mandate.<br />
This action violated not only Article 5 of the Mandate which required the
Mandatory to be responsible for seeing that no Palestine territory shall be
ceded or leased to, or in any way placed under the control of the Government of
any foreign Power but also article 20 of the Covenant of the League of Nations
in which the Members of the League solemnly undertook that they would not enter
into any engagements inconsistent with the terms thereof.<br />
Article 6 of the Mandate stated that the Administration of Palestine, while
ensuring that the rights and position of other sections of the population are
not prejudiced, shall facilitate Jewish immigration under suitable conditions
and shall encourage, in co-operation with the Jewish agency referred to in
Article 4, close settlement by Jews on the land, including State lands and
waste lands not required for public purposes. Political rights were exclusively
granted only to the Jewish people.<br />
Nevertheless in blatant violation of article 6, in a 1939 White Paper Britain
changed its position so as to limit Jewish immigration from Europe, a move that
was blatant violation by Zionists as betrayal of the terms of the mandate, and
the British became complicit in the extermination of the Jews in Europe,
especially in light of the increasing persecution of Jews in Europe. This
caused the death of millions of Jews trying to escape Nazi extermination. In
response, Zionists organized Aliyah Bet, a program of illegal immigration into </span><st1:city><st1:place><span style="color: navy; font-size: 14.0pt;">Palestine</span></st1:place></st1:city><span style="color: navy; font-size: 14.0pt;"> under British rules but not under
international Treaties.<br />
<b>CONCLUSION<br />
</b>The frequently voiced complaint that the state being offered to the Arab-Palestinians
comprises only 22 percent of </span><st1:city><st1:place><span style="color: navy; font-size: 14.0pt;">Palestine</span></st1:place></st1:city><span style="color: navy; font-size: 14.0pt;"> is obviously invalid. The truth is exactly
the reverse. From the above history and international treaties, it is obvious
that the territory on both sides of the Jordan was legally designated for the
Jewish homeland by the 1920 San Remo Conference, mandated to Britain as
trustee, confirmed by the 1920 Treaty of Sevres and Lausanne and endorsed by
the League of Nations in 1922, affirmed in the Anglo-American Convention on
Palestine in 1925 and confirmed in 1945 by article 80 of the UN. Yet,
approximately 80% of this territory was illegally excised from the territory in
May 1923 when, in violation of the mandate and the </span><st1:city><st1:place><span style="color: navy; font-size: 14.0pt;">San Remo</span></st1:place></st1:city><span style="color: navy; font-size: 14.0pt;"> resolution, </span><st1:country-region><st1:place><span style="color: navy; font-size: 14.0pt;">Britain</span></st1:place></st1:country-region><span style="color: navy; font-size: 14.0pt;"> gave autonomy to </span><st1:place><span style="color: navy; font-size: 14.0pt;">Transjordan</span></st1:place><span style="color: navy; font-size: 14.0pt;"> (now known as </span><st1:country-region><st1:place><span style="color: navy; font-size: 14.0pt;">Jordan</span></st1:place></st1:country-region><span style="color: navy; font-size: 14.0pt;">) under as-Sharif Abdullah bin al-Husayn.
Further-more, as the </span><st1:city><st1:place><span style="color: navy; font-size: 14.0pt;">San Remo</span></st1:place></st1:city><span style="color: navy; font-size: 14.0pt;"> resolution has never been abrogated, it was and continues
to be legally binding between the several parties who signed it. It is
therefore obvious that the legitimacy of </span><st1:country-region><st1:place><span style="color: navy; font-size: 14.0pt;">Syria</span></st1:place></st1:country-region><span style="color: navy; font-size: 14.0pt;">, </span><st1:country-region><st1:place><span style="color: navy; font-size: 14.0pt;">Lebanon</span></st1:place></st1:country-region><span style="color: navy; font-size: 14.0pt;">, </span><st1:country-region><st1:place><span style="color: navy; font-size: 14.0pt;">Iraq</span></st1:place></st1:country-region><span style="color: navy; font-size: 14.0pt;"> and a Jewish state in </span><st1:city><st1:place><span style="color: navy; font-size: 14.0pt;">Palestine</span></st1:place></st1:city><span style="color: navy; font-size: 14.0pt;"> all derive from the same international
agreement at </span><st1:city><st1:place><span style="color: navy; font-size: 14.0pt;">San Remo</span></st1:place></st1:city><span style="color: navy; font-size: 14.0pt;">.<br />
<br />
During WWII the British as trustee for the Jewish people in the Mandate for
Palestine, violated the International treaty by restricting Jewish immigration
and turned back Jewish refugee ships who were escaping from German
extermination camps, thereby sending many Jews back to be exterminated. The
British went as far as blowing-up Jewish refugee ships destined for
Palestine-Israel under "Operation Embarrass".<br />
<br />
In essence, when </span><st1:country-region><st1:place><span style="color: navy; font-size: 14.0pt;">Israel</span></st1:place></st1:country-region><span style="color: navy; font-size: 14.0pt;"> entered and liberated the </span><st1:place><span style="color: navy; font-size: 14.0pt;">West Bank</span></st1:place><span style="color: navy; font-size: 14.0pt;"> (</span><st1:place><span style="color: navy; font-size: 14.0pt;">Judea</span></st1:place><span style="color: navy; font-size: 14.0pt;"> and </span><st1:city><st1:place><span style="color: navy; font-size: 14.0pt;">Samaria</span></st1:place></st1:city><span style="color: navy; font-size: 14.0pt;">) and </span><st1:city><st1:place><span style="color: navy; font-size: 14.0pt;">Jerusalem</span></st1:place></st1:city><span style="color: navy; font-size: 14.0pt;"> in 1967 it did not occupy territory to which any other
party had title. While Jerusalem and the West Bank, (Judea and Samaria), were
illegally occupied by Jordan in 1948 they remained in effect part of the Jewish
National Home that had been created at 1920 San Remo and confirmed by the 1920
Treaty of Sevres and Lausanne, thus, in the 1967 6-Day War Israel, in effect,
recovered and liberated territory that legally belonged to Israel. To quote
Judge Schwebel, a former President of the ICJ (International Court of Justice),
“As between Israel, acting defensively in 1948 and 1967, on the one hand, and her
Arab neighbors, acting aggressively, in 1948 and 1967, on the other, Israel has
the better absolute title in the territory of what was Palestine, including the
whole of Jerusalem. Any resolutions past by the U.N. are only a recommendation
and cannot supersede international treaties.<br />
<br />
The Arabs have </span><st1:country-region><st1:place><span style="color: navy; font-size: 14.0pt;">Jordan</span></st1:place></st1:country-region><span style="color: navy; font-size: 14.0pt;">, which was Jewish territory. The Arabs
persecuted and expelled over a million Jewish families from their countries and
confiscated all their assets, businesses, homes and Real estate property 5-6
times the size of Israel - 120,440 sq. km. and valued in the trillions of
dollars. Most of the expelled Jewish families from Arab countries were
resettled in </span><st1:country-region><st1:place><span style="color: navy; font-size: 14.0pt;">Israel</span></st1:place></st1:country-region><span style="color: navy; font-size: 14.0pt;">, today over half the population in </span><st1:country-region><st1:place><span style="color: navy; font-size: 14.0pt;">Israel</span></st1:place></st1:country-region><span style="color: navy; font-size: 14.0pt;"> are the families of the million Jewish
families expelled from Arab countries. Let the Arab-Palestinians relocate to
those lands and solve the Arab Israel conflict and the Arab-Palestinian refugee
problem.<br />
YJ Draiman<o:p></o:p></span></div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03548930328958735839noreply@blogger.com15tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6445230771985640972.post-27034110337970862342015-07-29T22:42:00.001-07:002015-08-12T01:01:36.071-07:00Israel's rights to the land is ingrained in history, archaological findings, international law and possession YJ Draiman<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj93sCFMhf25EziIxySAaRMFyjmCFg5cznUIXKKrv8T3rX0OWA_sz-lbpe6NQxA2oI_vq-wOWfSOZF8qTouYcSYL30bas86U4Ce-kIjZbvBncD1MbMU9oUMMlHR1tl4LImf3QjZ99mGzqU/s1600/0000+British+mandate+-israel-3+%25281%2529.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="235" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj93sCFMhf25EziIxySAaRMFyjmCFg5cznUIXKKrv8T3rX0OWA_sz-lbpe6NQxA2oI_vq-wOWfSOZF8qTouYcSYL30bas86U4Ce-kIjZbvBncD1MbMU9oUMMlHR1tl4LImf3QjZ99mGzqU/s320/0000+British+mandate+-israel-3+%25281%2529.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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<div style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">
<span style="color: blue; font-size: x-large;"><b>Israel's rights to the land is ingrained in history, archeological findings, international law and possession. </b></span></div>
<div style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">
<span style="color: blue; font-size: x-large;"><b><br /></b></span></div>
<div style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">
<span style="font-size: large;">Just like the Arab States have not been required to defend their legitimacy, Israel should also not be required to defend its' legitimacy. The 21 Arab States and the State of Israel were set up by the Allied Powers after WWI, when the Ottoman Empire relinquished its title to the territories to the Allied Powers.</span></div>
<div style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">
<span style="font-size: large;">The British were assigned as trustee for the Jewish people to help reconstitute the Jewish State as Implemented by the San Remo Treaty of 1920. The San Remo Treaty adopted the Balfour Declaration of 1917 and confirmed by the 1920 Treaty of Sevres and Lausanne. Of importance is the fact that treaty terms and documents prove there was no state allocation of land to any other people or nation other than the Jewish people in Israel. It should also be noted the League of Nations set up the Mandate for Palestine as a State for the Jewish people with exclusive political rights.</span></div>
<div style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">
<span style="font-size: large;">The Jewish people who lived in Israel for over 4,000 had additional Jewish immigration in the mid-1800s. The local Jewish people with the infusion of more Jewish immigration, resources, funding and with the explicit permission by the Ottoman government, started developing the land. Within a short time the Jewish people started turning the desert and desolation into green pastures, thus, building an economy, agriculture, housing and industry. Many Arabs from neighboring depressed states who viewed this development as an opportunity for work and an improved standard of living, came to work in Palestine.</span></div>
<div style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">
<span style="font-size: large;">It is of interest in this conflict to take into consideration. The Arab countries expelled over a million Jews and their children, confiscated their assets, businesses, homes and land 5-6 times the size of Israel (120,440 sq. km. or 75,000 sq. miles valued today in the trillions of dollars). Most of these expelled Jews from Arab countries were resettled in Greater Israel.</span></div>
<div style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">
<span style="font-size: large;">Over the past 68 years Israel has become a thriving nation with exemplary innovation in education, technology, high tech industry and medicine. Many nations admire Israel's outstanding development and innovation. Israel has always been extending a helping hand to any nation that wants to learn and advance in industry, technology and medicine.</span></div>
<div style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">
<span style="font-size: large;">The Arab-Palestinians saw an opportunity to get land and a country that was developed and flourished by the Jewish people. They decided that through intimidation, harassment and violence to usurp the Jewish habitants into capitulating to their scheme of an Arab-Palestinian State on Land allocated to the Jewish people . The Arab-Palestinians live on charity from the nations of the world. They are unwilling to help themselves. After the 1967 war when Israel defeated the 5 Arab armies who tried to destroy it, Israel started employing many of the Arabs in the liberated Jewish territory, educating them in agriculture and water resources. In the following years the standard of living of the Arabs jumped 5 fold and more, and their economy and housing blossomed. When the terrorist organization entered the picture and instigated the Arab population to start terror and violence against the Israelis, the economic advancement was slowed down if not halted. The dire predicament of the Arab-Palestinians is of their own making.</span></div>
<div style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">
<span style="font-size: large;">If you look at Arab land it is desolate and barren, with few exceptions. At the same time, the Jewish land is blooming and developing at an accelerated tempo. The Arabs, rather than follow the example set by Israel, tried to take the Jewish land by force and lost 4 wars in a span of 25 years.</span></div>
<div style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">
<span style="font-size: large;">The Arab-Palestinians current actions in the political and legal arena is a result of losing 4 wars and various battles with Israel. They not only could not win ground, but in fact have caused themselves a downward spiral toward economic desolation.</span></div>
<div style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">
<span style="font-size: large;">The Arab-Palestinians have switched tactics and have now gained more ground and concessions by playing the peace game. The Arab-Palestinians obfuscation and disinformation campaign along with various pleadings in front of the U.N. and other International bodies has gained them more inroads. The power of oil and the Arab Countries, who do not want the Arab-Palestinians to return to their countries, are helping them promote the false information, and utilizing their numerical control in the U.N. to pass any resolution that they deem necessary to advance their cause.</span></div>
<div style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">
<span style="font-size: large;">Money, power and greed promoted hate and anti-Semitism by the Arabs in order to force Israel into surrendering territory to the Arab-Palestinians. The Arabs are trying to initiate land piracy camouflaged as legal rights to the land of Israel.</span></div>
<div style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">
<span style="font-size: large;">Jewish resistance to persecution by the Arabs and the world at large: Any level headed individual would think that after WWII and the 6 million Jews exterminated in the Holocaust (plus another 5 million of other ethnic groups) would diminish, if not eliminate anti-Semitism and baseless hatred. It seems that no matter the amount of unwarranted persecution, and no matter the sacrifices the Jewish people have endured through the ages, Anti-Semitism continues to raise its ugly head.</span></div>
<div style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">
<span style="font-size: large;">The Media is guilty of escalating hostilities and violence in Israel and elsewhere. The Media has a responsibility to deliver fair and unbiased reporting. They influence the information that people rely on. It is an awesome responsibility and it must be handled with factual un-slanted reporting. Peoples lives depend on it; maybe yours or someone you love. Do we need a legal task force to discipline the Media when they intentionally distort the truth and or stage events for Media sensationalism? I would like your comments and input.</span></div>
<div style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">
<span style="font-size: large;">The affects on the world at large: Has humanity lost its values and fairness? The answer is no. In order to lose something, one must first possess it and the truth is, the world has never had total control of values and fairness. In today's world, where money and power is pursued at all costs (see Machiavelli), the core family unit is disintegrating and family values deteriorating. Honesty, integrity and fair-play seem to be a thing of the past. Where are we as human beings of the 21st century heading? Obviously downward.</span></div>
<div style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">
<span style="font-size: large;">Take some time to reflect on the truth of what is stated here. Do you really want this kind of world for your children? Senseless hate and destruction must not be tolerated. I urge you to wake up, take the bull by the horn and pursue a path of correction, or we are doomed as a civilized people.</span></div>
<div style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">
<span style="font-size: large;">YJ Draiman</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">
<span style="font-size: large;">P.S. How many holidays do the Arabs celebrate due to historical events in the land of ancient Israel. The Jewish people celebrate most of their holidays and fast days in memory of and the goal and aspiration to return to Israel and rebuild the Temple in Jerusalem – where it was before it was destroyed and desecrated by the enemies of the Jews. Many of the Jewish prayers for thousands of years recite the love of Israel and the Jewish aspirations to return to their ancestral land and bring back its glory and holiness.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">
<span style="font-size: large;">In Israel, in order to be a realist you must believe in miracles.</span></div>
<div style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">
<span style="font-size: large;">Ben Gurion</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">
<span style="font-size: large;">"Nobody does Israel any service by proclaiming its 'right to exist.' [As a Jewish State] Israel's right to exist, like that of the United States, Saudi Arabia and 152 other states, is axiomatic and unreserved. Israel's legitimacy is not suspended in midair awaiting acknowledgement. . . .There is certainly no other state, big or small, young or old, that would consider mere recognition of its 'right to exist' a favor, or a negotiable concession."</span></div>
<div style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">
<span style="font-size: large;">Abba Eban</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<b><span style="color: blue;">United States is "occupied" territory - Not Jerusalem</span></b><br />
Washington, D.C. is far more of an "occupied" capital than Jerusalem (Jerusalem has thousands of years of Jewish history and habitation). Europeans after creating new settlements, conquered an entire continent of North America, annihilated the natives, extracted its natural resources, kicked out the Mexicans and called it "America," claiming Washington as its capital. Over six hundred thousand people died in a war that prevented the South from seceding. As regards the rest of the world, Jerusalem is the oldest capital in the world, and it belongs to the Jewish people. The world does not recognize Jerusalem as the Jewish capital, because the world does not recognize the right of Jews to exist. Those liberal Jews in USA and Europe and elsewhere who pander to the non-Jews by endorsing views that deny or compromise the Jewish sovereignty over Greater Israel and hoping that they would be "acceptable" are deluding themselves. It did not help with Nazi Germany or in the past 2,500 years in the Diaspora and it will not help today.<br />
YJ Draiman<br />
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<br />
<b><span style="color: blue;">Link to 1925 Waqf Temple Mount Guide noting that the First and Second Jewish Temples were located on the Temple Mount</span></b><br />
For Jews, the Temple Mount is the holiest place in the world. The Jewish connection to Jerusalem and the Temple Mount originates in the biblical narrative, as it is said to be the location of the binding of Isaac.[2] The Talmud, Judaism's supreme canonical text, says that the foundation stone on the Temple Mount is the location from which the world was created.[3] In Samuel II 24:18-25, King David bought the bedrock for the Temple from Araunah the Jebusite. Subsequently, Solomon, David's son, used the bedrock to build the First Temple.[4] Solomon's Temple was eventually destroyed by Nebuchadnezzar II of Babylon in 586 BCE.<br />
Link to 1925 Waqf Temple Mount Guide noting that the First and Second Jewish Temples were located on the Temple Mount<br />
For Jews, the Temple Mount is the holiest place in the world.<br />
Following the destruction of Jerusalem and Solomon's Temple, many Jews were sent into exile. However, under the Persian King Cyrus, the Jews were allowed to return and began to rebuild the Temple. The Second Temple was completed in 516 BCE and expanded by King Herod in 19 BCE. In 70 CE, the Roman Empire, led by Emperor Titus, laid siege to Jerusalem and destroyed the Second Temple. Jews have maintained an unbreakable connection to Jerusalem, and the Temple Mount since that time.<br />
Today, Jews follow a number of different customs in remembrance of their fallen Temple. When Jews pray, they pray toward Jerusalem. Within the daily liturgy, there are numerous calls for the rebuilding of Jerusalem and the Temple. During the week, after meals, Jews recite a grace, which includes the recitation of Psalm 137 ("If I forget thee, O Jerusalem…").[5] At the end of a wedding ceremony, the groom breaks a glass, which signifies the Jewish people's continued mourning over the Temple's destruction. In addition, many have the custom of leaving a wall in their home unfinished in remembrance of the destruction. All of these customs play a significant part in the Jewish connection to Jerusalem and the Temple Mount, which former Israeli Prime Minister Ehud Olmert stated "represents the purist expression of all that Jews prayed for, dreamed of, cried for, and died for in the two thousand years since the destruction of the Second Temple."[6] In addition to the customs and ideology, the Jewish connection to the Land of Israel and Jerusalem is internationally recognized.[7]<br />
ISLAMIC LITERATURE AND THE TEMPLE MOUNT<br />
Classic Islamic literature also recognizes the existence of a Jewish Temple and its importance to Judaism. This makes Palestinian Temple Denial all the more puzzling.<br />
In Sura 17:1 of the Koran, the "Farthest Mosque" is called the al-masjid al-Aqsa. The Tafsir al-Jalalayn,[8] a well-respected Sunni exegesis of the Koran from the 15th and 16th centuries, notes that the "Farthest Mosque" is a reference to the Bayt al-Maqdis of Jerusalem.[9] In Hebrew, the Jewish Temple is often referred to as the Beyt Ha-Miqdash, nearly identical to the Arabic term. In the commentary of Abdullah Ibn Omar al-Baydawi, who authored several prominent theological works in the 13th century, the masjid is referred to as the Bayt al-Maqdis because during Muhammad's time no mosque existed in Jerusalem.[10] Koranic historian and commentator, Abu Jafar Muhammad al-Tabari, who chronicled the seventh century Muslim conquest of Jerusalem, wrote that one day when Umar finished praying, he went to the place where "the Romans buried the Temple [bayt al-maqdis] at the time of the sons of Israel."[11] In addition, eleventh century historian Muhammad Ibn Ahmad al-Maqdisi and fourteenth century Iranian religious scholar Hamdallah al-Mustawfi acknowledged that the al-Aqsa Mosque was built on top of Solomon's Temple.[12]<br />
This is a small sample of the Islamic literature attesting to the Jewish connection to the Temple Mount. Innumerable other writings from other faiths attest to this fact, as well.<br />
Link to 1925 Waqf Temple Mount Guide noting that the First and Second Jewish Temples were located on the Temple Mount<br />
<a href="http://www.templeinstitute.org/1925-wakf-temple-mount-guide.pdf" style="color: #3333cc;" target="_blank">http://www.templeinstitute.org/1925-wakf-temple-mount-guide.pdf</a><br />
For Jews, the Temple Mount is the holiest place in the world.<br />
Following the destruction of Jerusalem and Solomon's Temple, many Jews were sent into exile. However, under the Persian King Cyrus, the Jews were allowed to return and began to rebuild the Temple. The Second Temple was completed in 516 BCE and expanded by King Herod in 19 BCE. In 70 CE, the Roman Empire, led by Emperor Titus, laid siege to Jerusalem and destroyed the Second Temple. Jews have maintained an unbreakable connection to Jerusalem, and the Temple Mount since that time.<br />
Today, Jews follow a number of different customs in remembrance of their fallen Temple. When Jews pray, they pray toward Jerusalem. Within the daily liturgy, there are numerous calls for the rebuilding of Jerusalem and the Temple. During the week, after meals, Jews recite a grace, which includes the recitation of Psalm 137 ("If I forget thee, O Jerusalem…").[5] At the end of a wedding ceremony, the groom breaks a glass, which signifies the Jewish people's continued mourning over the Temple's destruction. In addition, many have the custom of leaving a wall in their home unfinished in remembrance of the destruction. All of these customs play a significant part in the Jewish connection to Jerusalem and the Temple Mount, which former Israeli Prime Minister Ehud Olmert stated "represents the purist expression of all that Jews prayed for, dreamed of, cried for, and died for in the two thousand years since the destruction of the Second Temple."[6] In addition to the customs and ideology, the Jewish connection to the Land of Israel and Jerusalem is internationally recognized.[7]<br />
ISLAMIC LITERATURE AND THE TEMPLE MOUNT<br />
Classic Islamic literature also recognizes the existence of a Jewish Temple and its importance to Judaism. This makes Palestinian Temple Denial all the more puzzling.<br />
In Sura 17:1 of the Koran, the "Farthest Mosque" is called the al-masjid al-Aqsa. The Tafsir al-Jalalayn,[8] a well-respected Sunni exegesis of the Koran from the 15th and 16th centuries, notes that the "Farthest Mosque" is a reference to the Bayt al-Maqdis of Jerusalem.[9] In Hebrew, the Jewish Temple is often referred to as the Beyt Ha-Miqdash, nearly identical to the Arabic term. In the commentary of Abdullah Ibn Omar al-Baydawi, who authored several prominent theological works in the 13th century, the masjid is referred to as the Bayt al-Maqdis because during Muhammad's time no mosque existed in Jerusalem.[10] Koranic historian and commentator, Abu Jafar Muhammad al-Tabari, who chronicled the seventh century Muslim conquest of Jerusalem, wrote that one day when Umar finished praying, he went to the place where "the Romans buried the Temple [bayt al-maqdis] at the time of the sons of Israel."[11] In addition, eleventh century historian Muhammad Ibn Ahmad al-Maqdisi and fourteenth century Iranian religious scholar Hamdallah al-Mustawfi acknowledged that the al-Aqsa Mosque was built on top of Solomon's Temple.[12]<br />
This is a small sample of the Islamic literature attesting to the Jewish connection to the Temple Mount. Innumerable other writings from other faiths attest to this fact, as well.<br />
Link to 1925 Waqf Temple Mount Guide noting that the First and Second Jewish Temples were located on the Temple Mount<br />
<a href="http://www.templeinstitute.org/1925-wakf-temple-mount-guide.pdf" style="color: #3333cc;" target="_blank">http://www.templeinstitute.org/1925-wakf-temple-mount-guide.pdf</a><br />
<b>Over a million Jewish people and their children were expelled from Arab countries and their assets confiscated</b><br />
It is interesting to note, that Jordan is a country that never existed in history before WWI and nobody is contesting its legitimacy or territorial sovereignty and control. The same powers that established 21 Arab States plus Jordan after WWI, established the State of Israel based on the Balfour Declaration and the San Remo Treaty of 1920 which was confirmed by the 1920 Treaty of Sevres and Lausanne.<br />
On the other hand, Israel and its Jewish people have over 4,000 years of history.<br />
Many nations and people are questioning Israel's control of its liberated territory. No one is mentioning that the Arab countries had ejected about a million Jewish people and their children from their countries, confiscated their assets, businesses, homes and Real estate, over 650,00 Jewish people and their children of these expelled Jewish people were resettled in Greater Israel. The Land the Arab countries confiscated from the Jewish people 120,400 sq. km. or 75,000 sq. miles, which is over 5-6 times the size of Israel, and its value today is the trillions of dollars.<br />
Transfer the Arab-Palestinians to the Jewish owned land in Arab countries is a good solution.<br />
Let the 21 Arab countries resettle the Arab Palestinians in the land they confiscated from the Jews which is 5-6 times the size of Israel (120,440 sq. km.). Provide them with funds they confiscated from the million Jewish people they expelled and let them build an economy, This will benefit both the Arab-Palestinians and the hosting countries, The other alternative is relocate the Arab-Palestinians to Jordan, (originally land allocated for the Jewish people) which is already 80% Arab-Palestinians, and give them funds to relocate and build an economy. This will solve the Arab-Palestinians refugee problem once and for all. It will also reduce hostility and strife in the region.<br />
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<span style="color: blue;">Jerusalem Temple Mount Guide 1925</span><br />
Click here for the 1925 Temple Mount Guide<br />
<a href="http://www.raptureforums.com/IsraelMiddleEast/guide.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #3333cc;" target="_blank">http://www.raptureforums.com/IsraelMiddleEast/guide.pdf</a><br />
One of the most disturbing end times propaganda being promoted today is the absurd notion that the Jews never had a presence on the famous Temple Mount area in Jerusalem. Anyone who is knowledgeable about history and aware of the recent archaeological discoveries on the Temple Mount area over the years knows that the propaganda being perpetuated by the Islamics, United Nations, and other ungodly organizations is simply a political ploy to deny the Jews their historical capital of Jerusalem and the sacred Temple Mount area. The Temple Mount area is the holiest place in Judaism and the remnants of the Second Temple area visible in the form of the "Wailing Wall" where religious Jews flock from around the world in order to pray near the site of the First and Second Temples.<br />
Some of the outstanding quotes from the official Temple Mount Guide are as follows:<br />
"The site is one of the oldest in the world. Its sanctity dates from the earliest times. Its identity with the site of Solomon's Temple is beyond dispute. This, too, is the spot, according to universal belief, on which David built there an altar unto the Lord, and offered burnt offerings and peace offerings" (2 Samuel 24:25).<br />
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<span style="color: blue;">How many holidays do the Arabs celebrate due to historical events in the land of ancient Israel.</span><br />
The Jewish people celebrate most of their holidays and fast days in memory of and the goal and aspiration to return to Israel and rebuild the Temple in Jerusalem - where it was before it was destroyed and desecrated by the enemies of the Jews. Many of the Jewish prayers for thousands of years recite the love of Israel and the Jewish aspirations to return to their ancestral land and bring back its glory and holiness. At Jewish wedding they break a glass in memory of Jerusalem and the destruction of the temple, with the prayer and aspiration to rebuild the Jewish temple.<br />
YJ Draiman</div>
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<b><span style="color: blue;">Jerusalem the Eternal Capital of the Jewish People</span></b><br />
The Jews have only Jerusalem, and only the Jews have made it their capital.<br />
That is why it has so much deeper a meaning for them (the Jews) than for anybody else.<br />
Jerusalem throughout its long and turbulent history, Jerusalem, more than any other city, has evoked the emotions, aspirations, yearnings and religious fervor of civilized Jewish mankind. Yet this homage of the world cannot overshadow the consuming and single-minded passion of one particular attachment: that of the Jewish people. For that people, as no other, Jerusalem is not just its one and only religious center and source of spiritual life; from time immemorial it has been and, still is, the very heart and core of the people - the tangible embodiment of its nationhood, the lodestar in its wanderings, the theme of its prayers each day, the fulfillment of its dreams for the Return unto Zion and indeed the cornerstone of its continuity.<br />
Many thousand of years ago, it was in Jerusalem that the priests would offer up daily sacrifices in the Temple on Mount Moriah. It was there in the Temple that the Sanhedrin, the great court of 71 Jewish sages, would sit in judgement. And three times a year on the harvest holy-days of Passover, Pentecost and Tabernacles, the entire Jewish nation would make a pilgrimage to Jerusalem. It is in the direction of Jerusalem that Jews face when they pray three times daily.<br />
The Jewish prayers themselves contain numerous references to Jerusalem and Zion. In the Amidah, the Silent Devotion, God is praised as the Builder of Jerusalem. In many other places the prayers echo the messianic belief that God will restore the Jewish people to His holy city. On Passover and the Day of Atonement Jews conclude services with the fervent hope: <b>"Next year may we be in Jerusalem!"</b><br />
The Jewish connection to Jerusalem harks back to Biblical times. Jacob, encountering the site where the Temple would stand centuries later said: "How awe-inspiring is this place! It is the House of God! It is the gate to heaven!" (Gen. 28:17). Jerusalem was "the site that the Lord your God will choose from among all your tribes, as a place established in His name. It is there that you shall go to seek His presence" (Deut. 12:3).<br />
Jerusalem began to fulfill the function of a spiritual and national capital when King David conquered the city in the 10th century BCE. He made it his seat of judgment and brought the Ark of the Covenant to rest there. It was also David who conceived the idea of building a permanent house of God, a Temple, a plan eventually fulfilled by his son Solomon. DESTRUCTION & REBIRTH The story of the Jewish people and Jerusalem has been one of exile, destruction and rebirth.<br />
Jerusalem in its 3000 years of history the city was destroyed 17 times and 18 times reborn.<br />
There always remained a Jewish presence in the city of Jerusalem, and the Jewish people as a whole always dream't of returning en mass to Jerusalem and rebuilding their city.<br />
When the Babylonians destroyed the city in 586 BCE, the Jewish exiles pledged that they would never forget their beloved Jerusalem: "By the rivers of Babylon, there we sat down, and we wept, when we remembered Zion. Upon the willows in its midst we hanged up our harps. For there they that led us captive asked of us words of song, and our tormentors asked of us in mirth: 'Sing us one of the songs of Zion.' How shall we sing the Lord's song in a foreign land? If I forget thee, O Jerusalem, let my right hand wither. Let my tongue cleave to the roof of my mouth, if I remember thee not; if I set not Jerusalem above my chiefest joy" (Psalms 137:1-6).<br />
The Jewish exiles did not forget their beloved city of Jerusalem. They were to return there and rebuild the Temple under the guidance of Ezra and Nehemiah. When the Seleucids took control over the Land of Israel and placed Greek idols in the Temple, the Jewish Maccabees revolted. They succeeded in recapturing Jerusalem and re-dedicating the Temple in 165 BCE. The Romans destroyed the Temple in 70 CE. When the Emperor Hadrian began planning to replace it with a shrine to Jupiter, a Jewish revolt known as the Bar Kochba Rebellion broke out.<br />
For the last 2000 years, on the 9th day of the Hebrew month of Av, Jews everywhere have commemorated the destruction of their city and Temple with a 25-hour fast. They sit on low stools in their synagogues and recite Jeremiah's Lamentations. They recite elegies for the city which is "scorned without her glory".<br />
During the periods of exile Jews throughout the world would be linked as they prayed together in their Hebrew tongue all facing in the same direction, maintaining their affinity with their eternal Jerusalem. Today Jerusalem flourishes once again as the heart and soul of Judaism. It boasts a full range of rebuilt and new synagogues, Talmudic academies and institutes of Jewish research. It is home to the Chief Rabbinate of Israel which administers the life cycle events of the nation's Jewish citizens. All varieties of Judaism are represented there. Nowhere else is the spiritual element of the Jewish people so visible as in this "place that the Lord has chosen".<br />
Jerusalem the Jewish NATIONAL CAPITAL; Jerusalem was never the capital city of any of its conquerors.</div>
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<b><span style="color: blue;">Jerusalem: Israel's Eternal Capital</span></b><br />
How many holidays do the Arabs celebrate due to historical events in the land of ancient Israel. The Jewish people celebrate most of their holidays and fast days in memory of and the goal and aspiration to return to Israel and rebuild the Temple in Jerusalem - where it was before it was destroyed and desecrated by the enemies of the Jews. Many of the Jewish prayers for thousands of years recite the love of Israel and the Jewish aspirations to return to their ancestral land and bring back its glory and holiness.<br />
<span style="background-color: #ededed;">IF I FORGET THEE JERUSALEM</span><br />
If I forget thee, O Jerusalem,<br />
Let my right hand forget her cunning.<br />
Let my tongue cleave to the roof of my mouth,<br />
If I remember thee not;<br />
If I set not Jerusalem<br />
above my chiefest joy.<br />
(Against) who said:<br />
'Raze it, raze it, even to its very foundation.'<br />
Since 1004 BCE, when King David established Jerusalem as the capital of his kingdom, there has been a continuous Jewish presence in Jerusalem, the holiest city in Judaism.<br />
Jerusalem, Judaism's holiest city, is mentioned hundreds of times in the Hebrew Bible. It was the capital city of ancient Jewish kingdoms and home to Judaism's holiest Temple (Beit HaMikdash). Jews from all over the ancient world would make pilgrimages to the Beit HaMikdash three times a year to participate in worship and festivities, as commanded in the Torah. Jerusalem and the Beit HaMikdash have remained the focus of Jewish longing, aspiration, and prayers. Daily prayers (said while facing Jerusalem and the Temple Mount) and grace after meals include multiple supplications for the restoration of Jerusalem and the Beit HaMikdash. Jews still maintain the 9th day of the Hebrew month of Av, the date on which both the First and Second Temples were destroyed, as a day of mourning. The Jewish wedding ceremony concludes with the chanting of the biblical phrase, "If I forget thee, O Jerusalem, let my right hand forget its cunning," and the breaking of a glass by the groom to commemorate the destruction of the Temples. And Yom Kippur services and the Passover Seder conclude each year with the phrase "Next Year in Jerusalem."<br />
The Temple Mount is the holiest site in Judaism. The Temple was built, according to Jewish tradition, on the Even Hashtiya, the foundation stone upon which the world was created. This is considered the epicenter of Judaism, where the Divine Presence (Shechina) rests, where the biblical Isaac was brought for sacrifice, where the Holy of Holies and Ark of the Covenant housing the Ten Commandments once stood, and where the Temple was again rebuilt in 515 BCE before being destroyed by the Romans in 70 CE. The Temple Mount is also known as Mount Moriah (Har HaMoriah), mentioned frequently in the Bible.<br />
The Western Wall (Kotel Hama'aravi, known simply as the Wall or Kotel) is the remnant of the outer retaining wall built by Herod to level the ground and expand the area housing the Second Jewish Temple. Its holiness derives from its proximity to the Temple site and specifically its proximity to the Western Wall of the Temple's Holy of Holies (Kodesh Hakodashim---the inner sanctuary that housed the Ark of the Covenant–the Aron HaBrit–and where the High Priest–Kohen Gadol--alone was permitted to enter on Yom Kippur). According to Midrashic sources, the Divine Presence never departed from the Western wall of the Temple's Holy of Holies. For the last several hundred years, Jews have prayed at Herod's Western Wall because it was the closest accessible place to Judaism's holiest site.<br />
YJ Draiman<br />
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<b><span style="color: blue;">Defending Israel's Legal Rights to Jerusalem</span></b><br />
The author of this chapter argues that while Israel has legal rights to retain a united Jerusalem as its capital, there is a sense that its claim is being challenged more than ever. He further argues that in addition to the historical rights of the Jewish people to Jerusalem that were voiced in the 19th century, there is a whole new layer of legal rights that Israel acquired in modern times that need to be fully elaborated upon.<br />
Download:<br />
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<li style="margin-bottom: 4px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><a href="http://mercury.ethz.ch/serviceengine/Files/ISN/137157/ichaptersection_singledocument/ebe75d36-7df2-425c-8ab3-d697d6eb17fb/en/8+kiyum-gold.pdf" style="color: #3333cc;">English (PDF · Page 97 to 114 · 1.0 MB)</a></li>
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Author:<br />
Dore Gold<br />
Publication:<br />
<a href="http://www.isn.ethz.ch/Digital-Library/Publications/Detail/?ots591=0c54e3b3-1e9c-be1e-2c24-a6a8c7060233&lng=en&id=137137" style="color: #3333cc;">Israel's Rights as a Nation-State in International Diplomacy</a><br />
Schwebel wrote his article, which was entitled "What Weight to Conquest," in response to a statement by then Secretary of State William Rogers that Israel was only entitled to "insubstantial alterations" in the pre-1967 lines. The Nixon administration had also hardened U.S. policy on Jerusalem as reacted in its statements and voting patterns in the UN Security Council. Schwebel strongly disagreed with this approach: he wrote that the pre-war lines were not sacrosanct, for the 1967 lines were not an international border. Formally, they were only armistice lines from 1949. As he noted, the armistice agreement itself did not preclude the territorial claims of the parties beyond those lines. Significantly, he explained that when territories are captured in a war, the circumstances surrounding the outbreak of the conflict directly affect the legal rights of the two sides, upon its termination.<br />
Two facts from 1967 stood out that influenced his thinking:<br />
First, Israel had acted in the Six-Day War in the lawful exercise of its right of self-defense. Those familiar with the events that led to its outbreak recall that Egypt was the party responsible for the initiation of hostilities, through a series of steps that included the closure of the Straits of Tiran to Israeli shipping and the proclamation of a blockade on Eilat, an act that Foreign Minister Abba Eban would characterize as the ring of the first shot of the war. Along Israel's eastern front, Jordan's artillery had opened fire and re-pounding civilian neighborhoods in Jerusalem, despite repeated warnings issued by Israel.<br />
Given this background, Israel had not captured territory as a result of aggression, but rather because it had come under armed attack. In fact, the Soviet Union had tried to have Israel labeled as the aggressor in the UN Security Council on June 14, 1967, and then in the UN General Assembly on July 4, 1967. But Moscow completely failed. At the Security Council it was outvoted 11-4. Meanwhile at the General Assembly, 88 states voted against or abstained on the first vote of a proposed Soviet draft (only 32 states supported it). It was patently clear to the majority of UN members that Israel had waged a defensive war.6<br />
A second element in Schwebel's thinking was the fact Jordan's claim to legal title over the territories it had lost to Israel in the Six-Day War was very problematic. The Jordanian invasion of the West Bank - and Jerusalem - nineteen years earlier in 1948 had been unlawful. As a result, Jordan did not gain legal rights in the years that followed, given the legal principle, that Schwebel stressed, according to which no right can be born of an unlawful act (ex injuria jus non oritur). It should not have come as a surprise that Jordan's claim to sovereignty over the West Bank was not recognized by anyone, except for Pakistan and Britain. Even the British would not recognize the Jordanian claim in Jerusalem itself.<br />
<b>Thus, by comparing Jordan's illegal invasion of the West Bank to Israel's legal exercise of its right of self-defense, Schwebel concluded that "Israel has better title" in the territory of what once was the Palestine Mandate than either of the Arab states with which it had been at war. He specifically stated that Israel had better legal title to "the whole of Jerusalem."</b><br />
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="Pg4" target="_blank"></a><br />
Schwebel makes reference to UN Security Council Resolution 242 from November 22, 1967, which over the years would become the main source for all of Israel's peace e orts, from the 1979 Egyptian Israeli Treaty of Peace to the 1993 Oslo Accords. In its famous withdrawal clause, Resolution 242 did not call for a full withdrawal of Israeli forces from all the territories it captured in the Six-Day War. ere was no e ort to re-establish the status quo ante, which, as noted earlier, was the product of a previous act of aggression by Arab armies in 1948.<br />
As the U.S. ambassador to the UN in 1967, Arthur Goldberg, pointed out in 1980, Resolution 242 did not even mention Jerusalem "and this omission was deliberate." Goldberg made the point, reacting the policy of the Johnson administration for whom he served, that he never described Jerusalem as "occupied territory," though this changed under President Nixon.7 What Goldberg wrote about Resolution 242 had added weight, given the fact that he previously had served as a Justice on the U.S. Supreme Court.<br />
Indeed, among the leading jurists in international law and diplomacy, Schwebel was clearly not alone. He was joined by Julius Stone, the great Australian legal scholar, who reached the same conclusions. He added that UN General Assembly Resolution 181 from 1947 (also known as the Partition Plan) did not undermine Israel's subsequent claims in Jerusalem. True, Resolution 181 envisioned that Jerusalem and its environs would become a corpus separatum, or a separate international entity. But Resolution 181 was only a recommendation of the General Assembly. It was rejected by the Arab states forcibly, who invaded the nascent State of Israel in 1948.<br />
Ultimately, the UN's corpus separatum never came into being in any case. The UN did not protect the Jewish population of Jerusalem from invading Arab armies. Given this history, it was not surprising that Israel's first prime minister, David Ben-Gurion, announced on December 3, 1949, that Revolution 181's references to Jerusalem were "null and void," thereby anticipating Stone's legal analysis years later.8<br />
There was also Prof. Elihu Lauterpacht of Cambridge University, who for a time served as legal advisor of Australia and as a judge ad hoc of the International Court of Justice in The Hague.<br />
<b>Lauterpacht argued that Israel's reunification of Jerusalem in 1967 was legally valid. 9 He explained that the last state which had sovereignty over Jerusalem was the Ottoman Empire, which ruled it from 1517 to 1917.</b><br />
<b>After the First World War, the Ottoman Empire formally renounced its sovereignty over Jerusalem as well as all its former territories south of what became modern Turkey in the Treaty of Sevres from 1920. is renunciation was confirmed by the Turkish Republic as well in the Treaty of Lausanne of 1923. According to Lauterpacht, the rights of sovereignty in Jerusalem were vested with the Principal Allied and Associated Powers,</b>which transferred them to the League of Nations.<br />
But with the dissolution of the League of Nations, the British withdrawal from Mandatory Palestine, and the failure of the UN to create a corpus separatum or a special international regime for Jerusalem, as had been intended according to the 1947 Partition Plan, Lauterpacht concluded <a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="Pg5" target="_blank"></a>that sovereignty had been put in suspense or in abeyance. In other words, by 1948 there was what he called "a vacancy of sovereignty" in Jerusalem.<br />
It might be asked if the acceptance by the pre-state Jewish Agency of Resolution 181 constituted a conscious renunciation of Jewish claims to Jerusalem back in 1947. However, according to the resolution, the duration of the special international regime for Jerusalem would be "in the first instance for a period of ten years." The resolution envisioned a referendum of the residents of the city at that point in which they would express "their wishes as to possible modifications of the regime of the city."10 <b>The Jewish leadership interpreted the corpus separatum as an interim arrangement that could be replaced. They believed that Jewish residents could opt for citizenship in the Jewish state in the meantime. Moreover, they hoped that the referendum would lead to the corpus seperatum being joined to the State of Israel after ten years. 11</b><br />
<b>Who then could acquire sovereign rights in Jerusalem given the "vacancy of sovereignty" that Lauterpacht described? Certainly, the UN could not assume a role, given what happened to Resolution 181. Lauterpacht's answer was that Israel filled "the vacancy in sovereignty" in areas where the Israel Defense Forces had to operate in order to save Jerusalem's Jewish population from destruction or ethnic cleansing. The same principle applied again in 1967, when Jordanian forces opened fire on Israeli neighborhoods and the Israel Defense Forces entered the eastern parts of Jerusalem, including its Old City, in self-defense.</b><br />
A fourth legal authority to contribute to this debate over <b>the legal rights of Israel was Prof. Eugene Rostow, the former dean of Yale Law School and Undersecretary of State for Political Affairs in the Johnson administration. Rostow's point of departure for analyzing the issue of Israel's rights was that the Mandate for Palestine, which specifically referred to "the historic connection of the Jewish people with Palestine" providing "the grounds for reconstituting their national home in that country."</b><br />
<b>These rights applied to Jerusalem as well, for the Mandate did not separate Jerusalem from the other territory that was to become part of the Jewish national home.</b><br />
Rostow contrasts the other League of Nations mandates with the mandate for Palestine. Whereas the mandates for Iraq, Syria, and Lebanon served as trusts for the indigenous populations, <b>the language of the Palestine Mandate was entirely different. It supported the national rights of the Jewish people while protecting only the civil and religious rights of the non-Jewish communities in British Mandatory Palestine</b>.12 <b>It should be added that the Palestine Mandate was a legal instrument in the form of a binding international treaty between the League of Nations, on the one hand, and Britain as the mandatory power, on the other.</b><br />
<b>Rostow argued that the mandate was not terminated in 1947. He explained that Jewish legal rights to a national home in this territory, which were embedded in British Mandatory Palestine, survived the dissolution of the League of Nations and were preserved by the United Nations in Article 80 of the UN Charter.13 Clearly, after considering Rostow's arguments, Israel was well-positioned to assert its rights in Jerusalem and fill "the vacancy of sovereignty" that Lauterpacht had described.</b><br />
Publisher:<br />
<a href="http://www.isn.ethz.ch/Digital-Library/Organizations/Detail/?ots591=0c54e3b3-1e9c-be1e-2c24-a6a8c7060233&lng=en&id=43374" style="color: #3333cc;">Jerusalem Center for Public Affairs (JCPA), Israel</a></div>
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<b><span style="color: blue;">The U.N. cannot create states, it can only recommend and so can other nations only recommend and not create a state that never existed before in history</span></b>. If they want an Arab-Palestinian state, it already exists, it is Jordan which has taken 80% of Jewish allocated land.<br />
<b>The U.N. cannot create states, it can only recommend and so can other nations only recommend</b> and not create a state that never existed before in history. If they want an Arab-Palestinian state, it already exists, it is Jordan which has taken 80% of Jewish allocated land.<br />
In 1947, the UN Gen. Assembly passed Resolution 181 recommending the partition of Palestine. This did not create the State of Israel. The General Assembly does not create countries, make laws, or alter the Mandates (Mandates were a big brother system for setting up independent countries to be led by its native populations, with historic national connections to the territories). The Partition plan, was merely a recommendation.<br />
The resolution also violated Article 5 of the Mandate for Palestine and therefore it also violated Article 80 of the UN Charter. It was therefore an illegal resolution.<br />
What we call the State of Israel, along with her "legal" borders, was established in April 1920 with the San Remo Resolution of 1920 confirmed by the 1920 Treaty of Sevres and Lausanne. Palestine was created for the first time in history as a country. It was created as the reconstitution of the Jewish National Home. The Partition Plan in 1947 was the result of a 1/4 century of illegal British policy (The English were a trustee for the Jewish people, but they violated that trust. the British wanted to control the Oil in the Middle East, for that they betrayed the Jewish people) that ripped internationally protected Jewish rights from the Jewish People, as the British allowed hundreds of thousands of Arabs to pour across the border from Syria and Egypt into Palestine.<br />
The Jewish State's reconstitution was a fact 25 years before the UN existed. The Mandate was there to protect its survival, and it was terminated, not because the terms were completed, but because the British fled with their tails between their legs, and there was no one there to administer the Mandate.<br />
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Does anyone think that after the Ottoman Empire surrendered and relinquished its rights title and ownership to Palestine and other territories to the Allied powers after WWI and the Allied powers set up and established 21 Arab States and one Jewish State. The 21 Arab State do not want to relinquish or redraw its boundaries and Israel does not want to concede any of its original boundaries set up in 1920 which included the Palestine Mandate. Non of the Palestinian Mandate was allocated to the Arabs in the 1920 San Remo Treaty.<br />
The U.N. and the other countries must take into account and address the persecution and expulsion of over a million Jewish families from the Arab countries and the confiscation of homes and land owned by Jewish people in the Arab countries, totaling 120,000 sq. km. (6 times the size of Israel) valued in the trillions of dollars and other personal assets confiscated by the Arabs countries totaling over 990 billion dollars.<br />
The Jewish people resettled the million Jewish refugees from the Arab countries. It is about time the Arab countries who persecuted and expelled the million Jewish families and confiscated their homes, land and assets, must settle the Arab-Palestinian refugees once and for all without compromising Israel and bring about peace and tranquility to the region.<br />
Neither the U.N. nor any Country in the world has the authority to create a state or dissolve a state, (check the U.N. charter and international law.)<br />
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<b><span style="color: blue;">Israel must be steadfast in protecting its rights and its people</span></b><br />
Many nations and people are questioning Israel's control of its liberated territory.<br />
No one is mentioning that the Arab countries had ejected about a million Jewish people and their children from their countries, confiscated their assets, businesses, homes and Real estate. Many of the Jews ejected from Arab countries died while their forced departure from Arab countries, due to hardship, famine and starvation. 670,00 Jewish people and their children of these expelled Jewish people and their children were resettled in Greater Israel. The Land the Arab countries confiscated from the Jewish people 120,440 sq. km. or 75,000 sq. miles, which is over 5-6 times the size of Israel, and its value today is the trillions of dollars.<br />
The Jewish people and their children during the over 2,400 years living in Arab countries have suffered Pogroms, Libel claims, beheading's, beatings, false imprisonment and extreme hardship as a second class citizens. They had their businesses and homes pillaged, their wives and daughters raped, sold them as slaves, their houses of worship pillaged and burned, forced conversion to Islam.<br />
Today over half of Israel's population are the Jewish families expelled from Arab countries and their children and grandchildren.<br />
The Audacity of the Arab countries in demanding territory from the Jewish people in Palestine after they ejected over a million Jewish people and their children who have lived in Arab land for over 2,400 years and after they confiscated all their assets and Real estate 5-6 times the size of Israel (120,440 sq. km. - 75,000 sq. mi.), valued in the trillions of dollars.<br />
Now the Arab nations are demanding more land and more compensation.<br />
The Arab countries have chased the million Jewish families and their children and now they want to chase them away again, from their own historical land.<br />
Israel must respond with extreme force to any violent demonstration and terror. Israel's population must have peace and tranquility without intimidation by anyone.<br />
The Jewish people have suffered enough in the Diaspora for the past 2,500 years. It is time for the Jewish people to live as free people in their own land without violence and terror.<br />
It is time to consider that the only alternative is a population transfer of the Arab-Palestinians to the territories the Arab countries confiscated from the Jewish people and settle this dispute once and for all. Many Arab leaders had suggested these solutions over the years.<br />
YJ Draiman<br />
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Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03548930328958735839noreply@blogger.com15tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6445230771985640972.post-66918476634329554452015-07-29T22:04:00.000-07:002015-07-29T22:18:27.309-07:00A Yemenite Surprise in Siloam-Shiloah Village of Jerusalem Re-Posting One of Our First Pages<br />
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<a data-id="624057727094316581" data-item-type="post" href="http://www.israeldailypicture.com/2011/09/yemenite-surprise-in-siloamshiloah.html" itemprop="url" rel="bookmark" style="outline: none; text-decoration: none;"><span style="color: blue;">A Yemenite Surprise in Siloam-Shiloah Village of Jerusalem Re-Posting One of Our First Pages</span></a></h1>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-IPJH5nxcEMM/Th-xVtThmkI/AAAAAAAABXc/Lxfg909FKjo/s1600/Silwan.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; color: #009eb8; display: inline; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; margin-top: 0px !important; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s;"><img border="0" height="312" m="" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-IPJH5nxcEMM/Th-xVtThmkI/AAAAAAAABXc/Lxfg909FKjo/s320/Silwan.jpg" style="-webkit-border-image: url(data:image/png; border-image-repeat: stretch; border-image-slice: 9; border-image-source: url(data:image/png; border-image-width: 9px; border: 9px none; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; height: auto; margin: 10px auto; max-width: 100%; padding: 8px; position: relative;" true="" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="font-size: 11.2px; text-align: center;">A <a href="http://www.loc.gov/pictures/item/2006676316/" style="color: #009eb8; display: inline; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s;">Yemenite Jew</a> looks at his village in Silwan (circa 1901)</td></tr>
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The Shiloah Village outside of the Jerusalem Old City walls dates back to biblical days. Its famous Shiloah spring was utilized for Temple libations.</div>
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The caption on this Library of Congress photograph reads, "<em>The village of Siloam [i.e. Siloan, Shiloah, Silwan]</em> and Valley of Kedron, Palestine." But whoever wrote the caption, perhaps 110 years ago, missed an important fact. The man standing above his village is a Jew from Yemen.</div>
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The most famous Jewish Yemenite migration to the Land of Israel took place in 1949 and 1950 when almost 55,000 Jews were airlifted to Israel in "Operation On Eagles Wings -- על כנפי נשרים" also known as "Operation Magic Carpet."</div>
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But another migration took place 70 years earlier in 1881-1882 when a group of Jews of Yemen arrived by foot to Jerusalem. They belonged to no "Zionist movement." They returned out of an age-old religious fervor to return to Zion.</div>
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The new immigrants settled on Jewish-owned property in the Shiloah Village outside of the Old City walls of Jerusalem.</div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-egpIO0SgF4I/Th-x3SK1pjI/AAAAAAAABXg/_23g4W9ug50/s1600/Yemenite.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; color: #009eb8; display: inline; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; margin-top: 0px !important; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s;"><img border="0" height="320" m="" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-egpIO0SgF4I/Th-x3SK1pjI/AAAAAAAABXg/_23g4W9ug50/s320/Yemenite.jpg" style="-webkit-border-image: url(data:image/png; border-image-repeat: stretch; border-image-slice: 9; border-image-source: url(data:image/png; border-image-width: 9px; border: 9px none; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; height: auto; margin: 10px auto; max-width: 100%; padding: 8px; position: relative;" true="" width="259" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;">A <a href="http://www.loc.gov/pictures/collection/matpc/item/mpc2004006837/PP/" style="color: #009eb8; display: inline; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s;">Jewish Yemenite family</a> (circa 1914)</span></td></tr>
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The gentleman in the photograph above wears the distinctive Jewish Yemenite clothing of the time, according to a Yemenite expert today.</div>
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The photo collection also contains portraits of Yemenite Jews, such as this family portrait from the early 1900s. Look at the picture, presumably of three generations. And realize that if that baby were still alive today, 100 years later, he would be the family elder of another three or four generations of Jews in the Holy Land.</div>
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The Jews of Shiloah were the targets of anti-Jewish pogroms during the anti-Jewish riots in 1921 and again during the 1936-39 Arab revolt when they were evacuated by the British authorities.</div>
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Jewish families returned to Silwan/Shiloah after Israel reunited the city of Jerusalem in 1967.</div>
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<em>PS. I have already had an interesting response from a descendent of a resident from the Shiloah village:</em></div>
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<span dir="rtl" lang="HE" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"><em>לעניות דעתי התמונה של הגבר על רקע הכפר היא של יהודי חבאני ( יהודי חבאן היו גבוהי קומה) ושל המשפחה נראה שהיא משפחה שעלתה מצנעא</em></span></div>
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<em>In my humble opinion, the man in the picture with the [Shiloach] village in the background is a Jew fom Habani (the Jews of Hamani were tall) and the family looks like a family that made aliya from Saana.</em></div>
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<span style="background-color: white;">Posted <abbr class="time published" itemprop="datePublished" style="border: none; color: #333333; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px;" title="2011-09-11T07:18:00.001Z">11th September 2011</abbr> by Our Mission</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white;"><cite class="user" style="color: #333333; font-style: normal; font-weight: bold;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/profile/07663881648331661749" rel="nofollow" style="color: #333333; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s;">Daniel Bryan</a></cite><span class="icon user" style="color: #333333; font-weight: bold;"></span><span class="datetime secondary-text" style="margin-left: 6px;"><a href="http://www.israeldailypicture.com/2011/09/yemenite-surprise-in-siloamshiloah.html?showComment=1323406898007#c1401559129358443258" rel="nofollow" style="color: #009eb8; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s;">December 9, 2011 at 7:01 AM</a></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white;">So much things have changed in that village. From the time of the picture, the traditional houses are being replaced by modern ones.</span><br />
<a href="http://www.ryanhomes.com/" rel="nofollow" style="background-color: white; color: #009eb8; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s;">new homes</a></div>
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<a href="http://www.jewishpress.com/news/breaking-news/jews-to-double-presence-in-old-yemenite-village-of-shiloach-silwan/2014/10/20/" itemprop="name" rel="bookmark" style="background-color: #455b72; color: white; font-size: 1.2em; text-decoration: none;" title="Jews to Double Presence in Old Yemenite Village of Shiloach, Silwan">Jews to Double Presence in Old Yemenite Village of Shiloach, Silwan</a></h2>
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<span style="font-size: small;">Jews once thrived in the Shiloach section of old Jerusalem, known today as Silwan. Arabs and British drove them out. Nevertheless, they have returned.</span></div>
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<strong>By: <a class="author vcard" href="http://www.jewishpress.com/author/hlj/" itemprop="url" style="border-bottom-color: rgb(102, 102, 102); border-bottom-style: dotted; border-bottom-width: 2px; color: black; text-decoration: none;"><span itemprop="name">Hana Levi Julian</span></a></strong></div>
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<small class="articledate" itemprop="datePublished" style="font-size: 15px; font-style: italic;"><strong>Published:</strong> October 20th, 2014 </small><a class="share-print sd-button share-icon no-text" data-shared="" href="http://www.jewishpress.com/news/breaking-news/jews-to-double-presence-in-old-yemenite-village-of-shiloach-silwan/2014/10/20/#print" rel="nofollow" style="background: rgb(233, 233, 233); border-radius: 50%; border: 0px; box-shadow: none; color: rgb(119, 119, 119) !important; display: inline-block; font-family: 'Open Sans', sans-serif; font-size: 12px; height: auto; line-height: 1; margin: 2px 5px 0px 0px; padding: 8px; position: relative; text-decoration: none !important; text-shadow: none; top: -2px; width: auto;" target="_blank" title="Click to print"><span class="sharing-screen-reader-text" style="clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); display: inline !important; height: 1px; line-height: 1; overflow: hidden; position: absolute !important; width: 1px;">Click to print (Opens in new window)</span></a></div>
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<a href="http://www.jewishpress.com/news/breaking-news/jews-to-double-presence-in-old-yemenite-village-of-shiloach-silwan/2014/10/20/" rel="bookmark" style="color: black; text-decoration: none;" title="Permanent Link to Jews to Double Presence in Old Yemenite Village of Shiloach, Silwan"><img align="none" alt="Aerial view of Yemenite Village of HaShiloach, Old City of Jerusalem and Mt. of Olives." class="attachment-article wp-post-image" itemprop="thumbnailUrl" src="http://i2.wp.com/www.jewishpress.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/10/Aerial-view-of-Yemenite-Village-re-Old-City-and-Mt-Olives.jpg?w=477" style="border: 4px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); padding: 0px;" width="477" /></a><br clear="all" /><div style="font-family: Verdana, sitefontregular, Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: 25px; margin-bottom: 20px; padding: 0px;">
<span class="photocaption" style="font-weight: 700; padding-bottom: 4px; padding-top: 6px;">Aerial view of Yemenite Village of HaShiloach, Old City of Jerusalem and Mt. of Olives.</span><br /><span class="photocredit" style="font-size: 12px; padding-bottom: 4px; padding-top: 6px;">Photo Credit: Ateret HaCohanim</span></div>
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Shiloach – the area of Jerusalem today known by its Arabic name, Silwan – is about to expand its return to its Jewish roots with a new acquisition in the old Yemenite Village neighborhood.</div>
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Two buildings were legally and officially purchased in the area from Arabs who received “full and more than appropriate” payment by an overseas company established by Jewish investors from Israel and abroad, according to Ateret Cohanim.</div>
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Ateret Cohanim and the “Committee for the Renewal of Jewish Life in HaShiloach” helped facilitate the acquisition for the company, Kudram.</div>
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In 2004, Jewish families began to return to Kfar HaShiloach for the first time since 1938 when they were driven out by Arabs and the British. Eight families were the first to move in, together with 12-15 Yeshiva kollel (rabbinical) students in the building called Beit Yehonatan, and one family in Beit HaDvash.</div>
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Investors now hope that eight or nine Jewish families and some yeshiva students will soon move into the two new buildings – effectively doubling the Jewish return to Jerusalem’s old Yemenite Village in HaShiloach.</div>
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“As Prime Minister Binyamin Netanyahu recently said, Jews and Arabs alike, both have rights to purchase and to live in peace in any Jewish neighborhood of Jerusalem,” said Daniel Luria, spokesperson for Ateret Cohanim.</div>
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“As such, it is hoped that just like Arabs acquire properties in the Jerusalem neighborhoods of Neve Yaakov, Armon HaNetziv, Ramat Eshkol and French Hill and live in peace and coexistence in these areas, so too will the new Jewish residents of Kfar HaShiloach, be able to live side by side in coexistence with their Arab neighbors.”</div>
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One building is to be called Beit Frumkin, in memory of Rabbi Israel Dov Frumkin, z’l, who helped the original Yemenite residents of the area in the late 1800s. The other is to be named Beit Ovadia, in memory of Rav Ovadia Yosef, z’l, the former Sephardic Chief Rabbi of Israel, and also due to the building’s proximity to the grave of the renowned rabbi, Rav Ovadia of Bartenura.</div>
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The area, known as Kfar HaShiloach, is located east of the City of David and close to the King’s Garden. Both buildings overlook the Shiloach Springs, the City of David, the Temple Mount and the Old City of Jerusalem.</div>
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Large tracts of land in the area were once owned by Boaz HaBavli, who donated part of his land to “Eztra Nidachim,” a society that helped settle poor and destitute Jews from Yemen who had made aliyah in the 1880s and 1890s.</div>
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<a href="http://www.jewishpress.com/news/breaking-news/jews-to-double-presence-in-old-yemenite-village-of-shiloach-silwan/2014/10/20/attachment/first-homes-and-beit-kneset-in-kfar-hashiloach-ezrat-nidahim/" rel="attachment wp-att-200698" style="color: black; text-decoration: none;"><img alt="First homes and Beit Knesset in Kfat HaShiloach, Ezrat HaNidahim." class="size-large wp-image-200698" height="316" src="http://i0.wp.com/www.jewishpress.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/10/First-homes-and-Beit-Kneset-in-Kfar-HaShiloach-Ezrat-Nidahim.jpg?resize=475%2C316" style="border: 0px none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" width="475" /></a><div class="wp-caption-text" style="font-family: Verdana, sitefontregular, Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: 25px; margin-bottom: 20px; padding: 0px 4px 5px; text-align: left;">
First homes and Beit Knesset in Kfat HaShiloach, Ezrat HaNidahim.</div>
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A thriving Yemenite village existed in the area today known as Silwan from 1882, at a time when there were very few Arab homes.</div>
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<a href="http://www.jewishpress.com/news/breaking-news/jews-to-double-presence-in-old-yemenite-village-of-shiloach-silwan/2014/10/20/attachment/teacher-with-yemenite-children-class-photo-in-kfar-hashiloach/" rel="attachment wp-att-200699" style="color: black; text-decoration: none;"><img alt=""Mori" and Yemenite students in Kfat HaShiloach in 1800s." class="size-large wp-image-200699" height="316" src="http://i2.wp.com/www.jewishpress.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/10/Teacher-with-Yemenite-children-class-photo-in-Kfar-HaShiloach.jpg?resize=475%2C316" style="border: 0px none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" width="475" /></a><div class="wp-caption-text" style="font-family: Verdana, sitefontregular, Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: 25px; margin-bottom: 20px; padding: 0px 4px 5px; text-align: left;">
“Mori” and Yemenite students in Kfat HaShiloach in 1800s.</div>
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At its peak, the Yemenite Village – Kfar HaShiloach – numbered some 144 families. But the village was decimated by the Arab riots of the 1920s and 1930s.</div>
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The final 35 to 40 Yemenite families were expelled from their homes in Kfar HaShiloach by the British in August 1938.</div>
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Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03548930328958735839noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6445230771985640972.post-33194631328336454992015-07-29T21:00:00.001-07:002015-07-29T21:00:11.255-07:00The Six Day War: myths, facts and legalities<br />
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<div class="post-7829 post type-post status-publish format-standard hentry category-defence-and-military category-history-2 category-lawfare-and-delegitimization tag-1949-armistice-lines tag-289338 tag-egypt tag-green-line tag-israel tag-jerusalem tag-jordan tag-left tag-middle-east tag-settlements tag-six-day-war tag-syria tag-un" id="post-7829" style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; font-family: Georgia, 'Bitstream Charter', serif; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px 0px 36px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<h2 class="entry-title" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border-image-outset: initial; border-image-repeat: initial; border-image-slice: initial; border-image-source: initial; border-image-width: initial; border: 0px; clear: both; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, 'Nimbus Sans L', sans-serif; line-height: 1.3em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<a href="https://anneinpt.wordpress.com/2015/06/16/the-six-day-war-myths-facts-and-legalities/" rel="bookmark" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border-image-outset: initial; border-image-repeat: initial; border-image-slice: initial; border-image-source: initial; border-image-width: initial; border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="color: blue; font-size: x-large;">The Six Day War: myths, facts and legalities</span></a></h2>
<div class="entry-meta" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border-image-outset: initial; border-image-repeat: initial; border-image-slice: initial; border-image-source: initial; border-image-width: initial; border: 0px; color: #777777; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, 'Nimbus Sans L', sans-serif; font-size: 12px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span class="meta-prep meta-prep-author" style="background: transparent; border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Posted on</span> <a href="https://anneinpt.wordpress.com/2015/06/16/the-six-day-war-myths-facts-and-legalities/" rel="bookmark" style="background: transparent; border: 0px; color: #777777; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;" title="21:25 pm"><span class="entry-date" style="background: transparent; border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">16 June 2015</span></a><span class="by-author" style="background: transparent; border: 0px; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute !important; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="sep" style="background: transparent; border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">by</span> <span class="author vcard" style="background: transparent; border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><a class="url fn n" href="https://anneinpt.wordpress.com/author/anneinpt/" rel="author" style="background: transparent; border: 0px; color: #777777; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;" title="View all posts by anneinpt">anneinpt</a></span></span></div>
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<a href="http://49yzp92imhtx8radn224z7y1.wpengine.netdna-cdn.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/Soldiers_Western_Wall_1967-200x300.jpg" style="background: transparent; border: 0px; color: #743399; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><img alt="" class="" height="402" src="https://i2.wp.com/49yzp92imhtx8radn224z7y1.wpengine.netdna-cdn.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/Soldiers_Western_Wall_1967-200x300.jpg" style="background: transparent; border: none; margin: 5px 5px 0px; max-width: 622px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;" width="268" /></a><div class="wp-caption-text" style="background: transparent; border: 0px; color: #777777; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, 'Nimbus Sans L', sans-serif; font-size: 12px; margin: 5px 5px 24px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
The iconic photograph of Israeli soldiers gazing at the Western Wall, in Jerusalem, after entering the city as Israel beat the invading Arab armies in 1967. Photo: Israel Knesset.</div>
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The 48th anniversary of the Six Day War was marked in Israel a few weeks ago on Yom Yerushalayim, Jerusalem Day, and it’s civil anniversary, June 10th, was noted in several press reports both in Israel and overseas.</div>
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As the years go by it seems that Israel’s “crime” of winning the war and not allowing itself to be destroyed is the source of the “Original Sin” of which certain elements of the world community and media consider us guilty.</div>
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Robert Liebman in The Algemeiner has a very perceptive article on <a href="http://www.algemeiner.com/2015/06/10/the-six-day-war-and-the-origin-of-the-lefts-hatred-for-israel/" style="background: transparent; border: 0px; color: #743399; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;" target="_blank">The Six Day War and the origin of the Left’s hatred for Israel:</a></div>
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Although Israel neither welcomed nor wanted this conflict, the Left declared that Israel, not the invading Arabs, had been ‘militaristic,’ ‘colonialistic,’ and ‘fascistic.’</div>
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Was Israel really that bad, or was the Left biased, twisting or ignoring inconvenient facts to fit a prepackaged verdict – and has been biased ever since?</div>
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By 1967, Vietnam-war, civil-rights, and feminist protestors joined with hippies, yippies, flower-power pacifists, and not so pacifistic Hells Angels to form a vast anti-Establishment counterculture. The 1960s had become the Sixties. It was not the most rational of times.</div>
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Facts – such as who actually started the war, and why – were irrelevant. The left was Manichean, pitting the evil West against the good Third World. Israel – a western nation and ally of America – was on the wrong side. It was guilty on all counts.</div>
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But international conflict is not a team sport, using crooked umpires is not cricket, and these dodgy methods would result in the Palestinians being not winners but losers over the long term.</div>
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Militarism? If Egypt’s President Nasser had not blockaded the Straits of Tiran, replaced UN peacekeepers with his own troops, and allied with several Arab countries, the Six Day War would not have occurred. In 1967, Egypt was guilty of militarism. The left pinned the rap on the wrong side.</div>
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Colonialism? After the 1948 war of independence, Egypt occupied Gaza and Jordan occupied and then annexed the West Bank, denying Israeli Jews access to Jerusalem’s holy sites. The left accepted these racist and illegal occupations. Colonialism can be committed only by Israel.</div>
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In the same month as the Six Day War, a Black Panther magazine waxed poetic: “We’re gonna piss on the Wailing Wall/…That will be ecstasy, killing every Jew we see in jewland.”</div>
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Radical leaders and the majority of the rank and file membership did not – dared not – censure the Panthers. These radicals similarly failed to criticize Arab threats to drive the Jews into the sea.</div>
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The Left seemingly did not care – may not have even noticed – that in its tacit acceptance of militarism, racism, and worse, it was subscribing to values it normally derided as repulsive. The movement was progressive in name only. Had it looked in the mirror, it would have labelled itself “fascistic.”</div>
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Fast forward to the Camp David peace talks in 2000, which failed, according to the Left, because Israel was ungenerous. This was plausible, initially; the talks had not been minuted and details were lacking. But the left stuck to this position even after numerous first-hand accounts highlighted Yasser Arafat’s astonishing one-word vocabulary: “No.”</div>
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In last summer’s Gaza fighting, Hamas fired thousands of rockets into civilian areas in Israel and, in the ensuing ground fighting, used human shields and positioned weapons in schools and hospitals. The Left – in a repeat of 1967 – put only Israel in the dock.</div>
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Gaza pales compared with Yarmouk, where Syrian soldiers and ISIS decapitators inflicted unspeakable horrors on Palestinian refugees – to no outcry from the Left. Israel was not involved in this catastrophe. If it had been, her critics would have gone ballistic.</div>
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Here Liebman drills down to the essence of the Left’s anti-Israel passion:</div>
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This post-1967 anti-Israel left is propelled less by compassion than by anger – <strong style="background: transparent; border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">hatred of America and western capitalism in the Sixties, which was then redirected to Israel after the Vietnam War ended in the 1970s.</strong></div>
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And the Palestinians? They are still stateless, stuck in a hole they dug for themselves by their own obstinacy. But the left helped them dig it, encouraging the Palestinians in their demand for all of mandatory Palestine</div>
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…</div>
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For nearly fifty years, the anti-Israel left has been committing crimes not just against Israel but against the Palestinians – and the entire peace process.</div>
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It is most gratifying to see the Left’s self-righteousness punctured so neatly.</div>
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On a similar theme, David Harris, the Executive Director of the AJC, explains <a href="http://blogs.timesofisrael.com/why-history-matters-the-1967-six-day-war/?msource=DH060515&tr=y&auid=15679371" style="background: transparent; border: 0px; color: #743399; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;" target="_blank">why history matters</a> when it comes to explaining the sequence of events around the Six Day War: (emphases are mine). Apologies for the long excerpts but the whole article is so important.</div>
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Mention the word “history” and it can trigger a roll of the eyes.</div>
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Add “Middle East” to the equation and folks might start running for the hills, unwilling to get caught up in the seemingly bottomless pit of details and disputes.</div>
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Yet without context, some critically important things may not make sense.First,<strong style="background: transparent; border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">in June 1967, there was no state of Palestine</strong>. It didn’t exist and never had. Its creation, proposed by the UN in 1947, was rejected by the Arab world because it also meant the establishment of a Jewish state alongside.</div>
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Second, <strong style="background: transparent; border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">the West Bank and eastern Jerusalem were in Jordanian hands.</strong> Violating solemn agreements, Jordan denied Jews access to their holiest places in eastern Jerusalem. To make matters still worse, they desecrated and destroyed many of those sites.</div>
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Meanwhile, the <strong style="background: transparent; border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Gaza Strip was under Egyptian control</strong>, with harsh military rule imposed on local residents.</div>
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And the <strong style="background: transparent; border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Golan Heights</strong>, which were regularly used to shell Israeli communities far below,<strong style="background: transparent; border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> belonged to Syria.</strong></div>
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<a href="http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/images/maps/borders.gif" style="background: transparent; border: 0px; color: #743399; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><img alt="" class="aligncenter" height="542" src="https://i0.wp.com/www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/images/maps/borders.gif" style="background: transparent; border: none; clear: both; display: block; margin: 0px auto 12px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;" width="302" /></a></div>
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<strong style="background: transparent; border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Third, the Arab world could have created a Palestinian state in the West Bank, eastern Jerusalem, and the Gaza Strip any day of the week. They didn’t.</strong> … It was viewed as an Arab backwater.</div>
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<strong style="background: transparent; border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Fourth, the 1967 boundary at the time of the war, so much in the news these days, was nothing more than an armistice line dating back to 1949</strong> – familiarly known as the Green Line. That’s after five Arab armies attacked Israel in 1948 with the aim of destroying the embryonic Jewish state. They failed. Armistice lines were drawn, but they weren’t formal borders. They couldn’t be. The Arab world, even in defeat, refused to recognize Israel’s very right to exist.</div>
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Fifth, <strong style="background: transparent; border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">the PLO, which supported the war effort, was established in 1964, three years before the conflict erupted</strong>. That’s important because <strong style="background: transparent; border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">it was created with the goal of obliterating Israel</strong>. Remember that in 1964 the only “settlements” were Israel itself.</div>
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Sixth, in the weeks leading up to the Six-Day War, Egyptian and Syrian leaders repeatedly declared that war was coming and their objective was to wipe Israel off the map. There was no ambiguity. Twenty-two years after the Holocaust, another enemy spoke about the extermination of Jews. The record is well-documented.</div>
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Here are some<a href="https://twitter.com/StepUpForIsrael/status/610336134216839168" style="background: transparent; border: 0px; color: #743399; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;" target="_blank"> quotes from Arab leaders</a> at the time:</div>
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<a href="https://pbs.twimg.com/media/CHhZerJVEAEcty-.png:large" style="background: transparent; border: 0px; color: #743399; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><img alt="" class="aligncenter" height="300" src="https://pbs.twimg.com/media/CHhZerJVEAEcty-.png:large" style="background: transparent; border: none; clear: both; display: block; margin: 0px auto 12px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;" width="193" /></a><br />Here too are some vicious cartoons in the Arabic media (via <a href="http://elderofziyon.blogspot.co.il/2012/06/arab-political-cartoons-on-eve-of-war.html#.VYBm4UZMiDo" style="background: transparent; border: 0px; color: #743399; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;" target="_blank">Elder of Ziyon</a>):</div>
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<a href="http://www.zionism-israel.com/dic/Six_day_war_into_the_sea.gif" style="background: transparent; border: 0px; color: #743399; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><img alt="" height="246" src="https://i1.wp.com/www.zionism-israel.com/dic/Six_day_war_into_the_sea.gif" style="background: transparent; border: none; margin: 5px 5px 0px; max-width: 622px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;" width="373" /></a><div class="wp-caption-text" style="background: transparent; border: 0px; color: #777777; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, 'Nimbus Sans L', sans-serif; font-size: 12px; margin: 5px 5px 24px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
Al-Farida, Lebanon, showed Nasser kicking the “Jew,” Israel, into the sea, with the armies of Lebanon, Syria and Iraq supporting him.</div>
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<a href="https://anneinpt.files.wordpress.com/2015/06/dee7e-63jpg.jpg" style="background: transparent; border: 0px; color: #743399; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><img alt="" height="334" src="https://anneinpt.files.wordpress.com/2015/06/dee7e-63jpg.jpg?w=454&h=334" style="background: transparent; border: none; margin: 5px 5px 0px; max-width: 622px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;" width="454" /></a><div class="wp-caption-text" style="background: transparent; border: 0px; color: #777777; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, 'Nimbus Sans L', sans-serif; font-size: 12px; margin: 5px 5px 24px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
he mouths of the guns of eight Arab countries: Sudan, Algeria, United Arab Republic, Saudi Arabia, Jordan, Iraq, Syria and Lebanon. Al Jarida , Beirut, May 31, 1967</div>
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The article continues with Israel’s plea to Jordan to stay out of the fight – which they ignored – and Egypt’s war-mongering by expelling the UN from Sinai, leaving no buffer zone between Israel and Egypt, and blockading the straits of Tiran, an outright <em style="background: transparent; border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">casus belli</em>. Despite its promises, the US did not come to Israel’s aid. France too betrayed Israel by imposing an arms embargo despite its being Israel’s principal arms supplier.</div>
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And then, the Three Noes of Khartoum:</div>
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And finally, after winning the war of self-defense, Israel hoped that its newly-acquired territories, seized from Egypt, Jordan, and Syria, would be the basis for a land-for-peace accord. Feelers were sent out. The formal response came on September 1, 1967, when the Arab Summit Conference famously declared in Khartoum: “No peace, no recognition, no negotiations” with Israel.Today, there are those who wish to rewrite history.</div>
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They want the world to believe there was once a Palestinian state. There was not.</div>
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They want the world to believe there were fixed borders between that state and Israel. There was only an armistice line between Israel and the Jordanian-controlled West Bank and eastern Jerusalem.</div>
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They want the world to believe the 1967 war was a bellicose act by Israel. It was an act of self-defense in the face of blood-curdling threats…</div>
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…</div>
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They want the world to believe post-1967 Israel settlement-building is the key obstacle to Arab-Israeli peacemaking. The Six-Day War is proof positive that the core issue is, and always has been, whether the Arab world accepts the Jewish people’s right to a state of their own. …</div>
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And they want the world to believe the Arab world had nothing against Jews per se, only Israel, yet trampled with abandon on sites of sacred meaning to the Jewish people.</div>
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In other words, when it comes to the Arab-Israeli conflict, dismissing the past as if it were a minor irritant at best, irrelevant at worst, won’t work.</div>
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Can history move forward? Absolutely. Israel’s peace treaties with Egypt in 1979 and Jordan in 1994 prove the point. At the same time, though, the lessons of the Six-Day War illustrate just how tough and tortuous the path can be.</div>
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I would go one step further and say that the rewriting of history is the basis of the Left’s hatred of Israel (as seen in the first article quoted above) and forms the basis for the persistent efforts at delegitimization and demonization of Israel in the media, the UN, and in all the hundreds of NGOs working for human rights for everybody except Israelis.</div>
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Furthermore, as regards the “root cause” of the settlements in the conflict, Israel’s poorly-conceived, badly executed and ill-fated “disengagement” from Gaza, whose 10th anniversary is approaching, demonstrates more clearly than any other example what happened and what is likely to happen again when Israel withdraws from territory. The terrorists take over and immediately (within 24 hours in the case of Gaza) start firing rockets and missiles at Israeli civilian communities. If the settlements were such an irritant, why did Hamas use the territory to attack Israel even more?</div>
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On a related subject, we have recently seen that the world <a href="https://anneinpt.wordpress.com/2015/06/11/us-supreme-court-state-dept-jerusalem-stand-alone-city/" style="background: transparent; border: 0px; color: #743399; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;" target="_blank">does not accept Jerusalem as Israel’s capital</a> because they reject the idea of acquisition of territory as a result of force. Eli Hertz of Myths and Facts explains, in a very detailed article, the <a href="http://www.mythsandfacts.org/article_view.asp?articleID=264" style="background: transparent; border: 0px; color: #743399; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;" target="_blank">legality of Israel’s actions and its acquisition of territory as a result of the Six Day War.</a> Here are just a few excerpts. Read it all:</div>
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International law makes a clear distinction between defensive wars and wars of aggression. Egypt’s blockade of the waterway known as the Strait of Tiran, which prevented access to Israel’s southern port of Eilat, was an act of aggression that led to the Six-Day War in 1967. More than six decades after the 1948 War and four decades since the 1967 Six-Day War, it is hard to imagine the dire circumstances Israel faced and the price it paid to fend off its neighbors’ attacks.</div>
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…</div>
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<strong style="background: transparent; border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Who Starts Wars Does Matter</strong></div>
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UN Charter Article 51 clearly recognizes “the inherent right of individual or collective self-defense if an armed attack occurs against a Member of the United Nations” by <span style="background: transparent; border: 0px; font-style: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">anyone</span>.</div>
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Arabs would like the world to believe that in 1967, Israel simply woke-up one morning and invaded them, and therefore Israel’s control of the Golan Heights, West Bank and Sinai is the illicit fruit of an illegal act – like Iraq’s invasion of Kuwait in 1991.</div>
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Arab leaders ‘bundle’ the countries who fought Israel in the 1967 Six-Day War into one “entity” in order to cloud the issues. They point to Israel’s surprise pre-emptive attack on Egypt as an act of unlawful aggression, and add that this “unlawful aggression” prevents Israel from claiming the Territories under international law.</div>
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Professor, Judge Stephen M. Schwebel, past President of the International Court of Justice (ICJ) states the following facts:</div>
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“The facts of the June 1967 Six Day War demonstrate that Israel reacted defensively against the threat and use of force against her by her Arab neighbors. This is indicated by the fact that Israel responded to Egypt’s prior closure of the Straits of Tiran, its proclamation of a blockade of the Israeli port of Eilat, and the manifest threat of the UAR’s use of force inherent in its massing of troops in Sinai, coupled with its ejection of United Nations Emergency Force (UNEF). It is indicated by the fact that, upon Israeli responsive action against the UAR, Jordan initiated hostilities against Israel. It is suggested as well by the fact that, despite the most intense efforts by the Arab States and their supporters, led by the Premier of the Soviet Union, to gain condemnation of Israel as an aggressor by the hospitable organs of the United Nations, those efforts were decisively defeated. The conclusion to which these facts lead is that the Israeli conquest of Arab and Arab-held territory was defensive rather than aggressive conquest.”</div>
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<a href="http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/images/post67a.gif" style="background: transparent; border: 0px; color: #743399; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><img alt="" class="aligncenter" height="544" src="https://i2.wp.com/www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/images/post67a.gif" style="background: transparent; border: none; clear: both; display: block; margin: 0px auto 12px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;" width="317" /></a></div>
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…In fact, Jordan was an illegal occupier of the West Bank from 1948 to 1967, and the undisputable aggressor in the Six-Day War of 1967. Thus, Israel acted lawfully by exercising its right of self-defense when it redeemed and legally occupied Judea and Samaria, known also as the West Bank.</div>
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…</div>
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Judge Sir Elihu Lauterpacht wrote in 1968, just one year after the 1967 Six-Day War:</div>
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“On 5th June, 1967, Jordan deliberately overthrew the Armistice Agreement by attacking the Israeli-held part of Jerusalem. There was no question of this Jordanian action being a reaction to any Israeli attack. It took place not with-standing explicit Israeli assurances, conveyed to King Hussein through the U.N. Commander, that if Jordan did not attack Israel, Israel would not attack Jordan. Although the charge of aggression is freely made against Israel in relation to the Six-Days War the fact remains that the two attempts made in the General Assembly in June-July 1967 to secure the condemnation of Israel as an aggressor failed. A clear and striking majority of the members of the U.N. voted against the proposition that Israel was an aggressor.”</div>
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Professor, Judge Schwebel’s writings lead to the conclusion that under international law, Israel is permitted to stay in the West Bank as long as it is necessary to her self-defense.</div>
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<strong style="background: transparent; border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Defensive Wars and Wars of Aggression</strong></div>
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International law makes a clear distinction between defensive wars and wars of aggression. All of Israel’s wars with its Arab neighbors were in self-defense.</div>
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Professor, Judge Schwebel, wrote in <span style="background: transparent; border: 0px; font-style: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">What Weight to Conquest</span>:</div>
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“(a) a state [Israel] acting in lawful exercise of its right of self-defense may seize and occupy foreign territory as long as such seizure and occupation are necessary to its self-defense;</div>
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…<strong style="background: transparent; border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">UN “Inadmissibility of the Acquisition of Territory by Force”</strong></div>
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Most UN General Assembly Resolutions regarding Israel read at the start: “Aware of the established principle of international law on the inadmissibility of the acquisition of territory by force.”</div>
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Professor, Judge Schwebel, a former President of the International Court of Justice (ICJ), explains that the principle of “acquisition of territory by war is inadmissible” <span style="background: transparent; border: 0px; font-style: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">must be read together with other principles</span>: “… namely, that no legal right shall spring from a wrong, and the Charter principle that the Members of the United Nations shall refrain in their international relations from the threat or use of force against the territorial integrity or political independence of any State.”</div>
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Simply stated: Arab illegal aggression against the territorial integrity and political independence of Israel can not and should not be rewarded.</div>
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…</div>
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Professor Julius Stone, a leading authority on the Law of Nations, stated:</div>
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“Territorial Rights Under International Law. … By their [Arab countries] armed attacks against the State of Israel in 1948, 1967, and 1973, and by various acts of belligerency throughout this period, these Arab states flouted their basic obligations as United Nations members to refrain from threat or use of force against Israel’s territorial integrity and political independence. These acts were in flagrant violation <span style="background: transparent; border: 0px; font-style: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">inter alia </span>[among other things] of Article 2(4) and paragraphs (1), (2), and (3) of the same article</div>
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Sadly I don’t expect the UN to pay attention to any of these legalities any time soon. Similarly I have no expectations that the international media, anti-Israel organizations and “human-rights for everyone except Jews” NGOs will take a closer look at the facts – not the myths – surrounding the Six Day War.</div>
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13 Responses to <em style="background: transparent; border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">The Six Day War: myths, facts and legalities</em></h3>
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<li class="comment byuser comment-author-bornlib even thread-even depth-1 highlander-comment" id="li-comment-23133" style="background: transparent; border-bottom-color: rgb(231, 231, 231); border-bottom-style: solid; border-width: 0px 0px 1px; margin: 0px 0px 24px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 56px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;"><div id="comment-23133" style="background: transparent; border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
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<img alt="" class="avatar avatar-40 grav-hashed grav-hijack" height="40" id="grav-f22de60a19981d027193428edd540a9d-0" src="https://0.gravatar.com/avatar/f22de60a19981d027193428edd540a9d?s=40&d=identicon&r=G" style="background: transparent; border: 0px; left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: 4px; vertical-align: baseline;" width="40" /><cite class="fn" style="background: transparent; border: 0px; color: black; font-style: normal; font-weight: bold; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><a class="url" href="http://bornlib.wordpress.com/" rel="external nofollow" style="background: transparent; border: 0px; color: #743399; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">BornLib</a></cite> <span class="says" style="background: transparent; border: 0px; font-style: italic; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">says:</span></div>
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<a href="https://anneinpt.wordpress.com/2015/06/16/the-six-day-war-myths-facts-and-legalities/comment-page-1/#comment-23133" style="background: transparent; border: 0px; color: #777777; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">16 June 2015 at 23:46 pm</a></div>
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Reblogged this on <a href="https://bornlib.wordpress.com/2015/06/16/the-six-day-war-myths-facts-and-legalities/" rel="nofollow" style="background: transparent; border: 0px; color: #743399; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">BornLib's Blog</a>.</div>
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<a aria-label="Reply to BornLib" class="comment-reply-link" href="https://anneinpt.wordpress.com/2015/06/16/the-six-day-war-myths-facts-and-legalities/?replytocom=23133#respond" style="background: transparent; border: 0px; color: #777777; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Reply</a></div>
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<li class="comment odd alt thread-odd thread-alt depth-1 highlander-comment" id="li-comment-23134" style="background: transparent; border-bottom-color: rgb(231, 231, 231); border-bottom-style: solid; border-width: 0px 0px 1px; margin: 0px 0px 24px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 56px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;"><div id="comment-23134" style="background: transparent; border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
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<img alt="" class="avatar avatar-40 grav-hashed grav-hijack" height="40" id="grav-bc5257b7bb1170fb4ad2a1b72674d6aa-0" src="https://2.gravatar.com/avatar/bc5257b7bb1170fb4ad2a1b72674d6aa?s=40&d=identicon&r=G" style="background: transparent; border: 0px; left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: 4px; vertical-align: baseline;" width="40" /><cite class="fn" style="background: transparent; border: 0px; color: black; font-style: normal; font-weight: bold; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Brian Goldfarb</cite> <span class="says" style="background: transparent; border: 0px; font-style: italic; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">says:</span></div>
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<a href="https://anneinpt.wordpress.com/2015/06/16/the-six-day-war-myths-facts-and-legalities/comment-page-1/#comment-23134" style="background: transparent; border: 0px; color: #777777; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">17 June 2015 at 02:31 am</a></div>
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I shall try not to repeat myself, given my writings and comments here over the past few years. Probably the most contentious point of mine will be to say that accepting Judge Schwebel’s argument on occupying the West Bank (whatever label you want to give it) is not the same as condoning Israeli citizens deciding to build themselves living accommodation beyond the “Green Line”.</div>
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There, Anne, I’ve said it!</div>
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Now to other points. I don’t know about anyone else around here, but I was just, in ’67, into my first paid employment after graduation, and I was sitting in the Common Room of my alma mater on the first day of the war (and my later to be wife was in Israel, driving an ambulance – tho’ we hadn’t yet met), waiting for the first reports of the hostilities. I was sitting with my former Prof and a senior researcher of the University, both Jewish emigres from Eastern Europe (they had got out before WW2) and an Iraqi Jew (who turned out, decades later, and ironically, to be a non-Zionist Jew…with that background!).</div>
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Then the first edition of the local paper appeared, with the reports of the IAF destruction of the Egyptian air force…and the atmosphere noticeably lightened. They (but not me) could go back to pretending not to care about Israel and the Middle East, because Israel’s future had been secured…for now.</div>
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I spent the rest of the week as a news junkie: listening to every report that Michael Elkins, the American-born Israel correspondent for the BBC, filed. Remember, back then, the BBC was genuinely liberal, as was The Guardian, hard though that is to believe. The most amazing was Elkins’ report of the first day of the ground offensive: words to the effect of “the events of today will be familiar to those who remember the first week of the 1956 Sinai Campaign”: he was saying, evading the censor, that the IDF was carving through the Egyptian army like a hot knife through butter.</div>
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And I was reassured.</div>
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And I remember, towards the end of that momentous week, sitting in my parents’ home, watching the news and seeing and hearing Brigadier Peters, a retired British army expert, talking of watching film of the IDF tanks driving up onto the Golan Heights, supposedly impassable to tanks, as though it was a level road.</div>
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What was interesting was that my parents, both born in the UK, but of parents who had escaped, in their own ways, the Czar and military conscription, and themselves strong anti-fascists (they had lived through the 1930s in East London), were just as strong Zionists as I was (and am). They were more prepared to practice, for example, kashrut (the Jewish dietary laws) than I was, but then, we all, I’m sure, felt more Jewish than we had done for a long time.</div>
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Clearly, I haven’t lost that feeling! And we still have both editions (in English and Hebrew) of the classic cartoon and commentary work by Kishon & Dosh “So Sorry We Won”. This includes an absolute classic: Nasser phones Kosygin, then President of the Soviet Union, and urgently requests more tanks, planes, rifles..,”Sure”, says Kosygin, “What types do the Israelis want?”</div>
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Despite the loss of lives, oh happy days!</div>
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<li class="comment byuser comment-author-anneinpt comment-author-is-site-member bypostauthor even depth-2 highlander-comment" id="li-comment-23135" style="background: transparent; border: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 56px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;"><div id="comment-23135" style="background: rgb(242, 247, 252); border-top-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-top-style: solid; border-width: 4px 0px 0px; margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 10px 0px 0px 20px; vertical-align: baseline;">
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<img alt="" class="avatar avatar-40 grav-hashed grav-hijack" height="40" id="grav-8d3cedf49b4e30a305d6e3e994725099-0" src="https://2.gravatar.com/avatar/8d3cedf49b4e30a305d6e3e994725099?s=40&d=identicon&r=G" style="background: transparent; border: 0px; left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: 4px; vertical-align: baseline;" width="40" /><cite class="fn" style="background: transparent; border: 0px; color: black; font-style: normal; font-weight: bold; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><a class="url" href="https://anneinpt.wordpress.com/" rel="external nofollow" style="background: transparent; border: 0px; color: #743399; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">anneinpt</a></cite> <span class="says" style="background: transparent; border: 0px; font-style: italic; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">says:</span></div>
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<a href="https://anneinpt.wordpress.com/2015/06/16/the-six-day-war-myths-facts-and-legalities/comment-page-1/#comment-23135" style="background: transparent; border: 0px; color: #777777; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">17 June 2015 at 10:13 am</a></div>
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Brian, at least we can both agree on the <b style="background: transparent; border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">legality</b> of Israel’s acquiring and holding the “territories”, aka Judea and Samaria (I will not call it the West Bank. That was a denigrating name given by the Jordanians to the area). As to the wisdom of building settlements there, well, we are Jews and are allowed to hold at least 3 opinions between us! <span class="wp-smiley wp-emoji wp-emoji-smile" style="background: transparent; border: 0px; display: inline-block !important; margin: 0px; min-height: 1.2em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: relative !important; text-indent: 9999px; vertical-align: bottom; white-space: nowrap; width: 1.35em;" title=":-)">:-)</span></div>
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Seriously, I don’t see the problem of building settlements on areas that were previously unoccupied – literally – by anyone. If the local Arabs had wanted to build there, no one would have stopped them over the previous 19 years. There are many other reasons why Israel not only has the right, but IS right, to build settlements, but that is a whole other story.</div>
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Your memories of the Six Day War are wonderful! I’m not wishing that I was older, but I only vaguely remember the war, being only 9 years old. I knew there was a war of course, and that we wanted the Israelis to win, and we had a map on the kitchen wall where we followed the action. But I was too young to understand the terror felt by the Israelis in the lead-up to the war and I couldn’t really appreciate the utterly miraculous nature of their victory.</div>
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So thank you for describing the events and your feelings at the time. It brings it all to life in a way that news reports can’t.</div>
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<li class="comment odd alt thread-even depth-1 highlander-comment" id="li-comment-23157" style="background: transparent; border-bottom-color: rgb(231, 231, 231); border-bottom-style: solid; border-width: 0px 0px 1px; margin: 0px 0px 24px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 56px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;"><div id="comment-23157" style="background: transparent; border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
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<img alt="" class="avatar avatar-40 grav-hashed grav-hijack" height="40" id="grav-f7ca34829a08af2c1da1a14633c67846-0" src="https://0.gravatar.com/avatar/f7ca34829a08af2c1da1a14633c67846?s=40&d=identicon&r=G" style="background: transparent; border: 0px; left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: 4px; vertical-align: baseline;" width="40" /><cite class="fn" style="background: transparent; border: 0px; color: black; font-style: normal; font-weight: bold; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Pete</cite> <span class="says" style="background: transparent; border: 0px; font-style: italic; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">says:</span></div>
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<a href="https://anneinpt.wordpress.com/2015/06/16/the-six-day-war-myths-facts-and-legalities/comment-page-1/#comment-23157" style="background: transparent; border: 0px; color: #777777; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">20 June 2015 at 20:47 pm</a></div>
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ISREAL can only exist in a true state of peace – if your country is surrounded on ALL sides by neighbors who are law-abiding, respectful, and committed to resolving differences through peaceful means i.e. legal agreements and treaties. BUT such a situation has never really existed.</div>
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The alternative is … a VERY active defense. Israel cannot sit back and “absorb punishment” during wars. Israel cannot fight a long war of attrition. The size of your country and the limited resources make this impossible. Therefore, your best strategy is a defense – that is a preemptive attack! Under the theories of war, this makes perfectly good sense. But politically, and in the media, the strategy is constantly portrayed as aggressive dictatorial “power play”.</div>
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Few people seem to grapple with Israel’s reality … except of course … Israelis.<br />Pete, USA</div>
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<li class="comment byuser comment-author-anneinpt comment-author-is-site-member bypostauthor even depth-2 highlander-comment" id="li-comment-23160" style="background: transparent; border: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 56px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;"><div id="comment-23160" style="background: rgb(242, 247, 252); border-top-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-top-style: solid; border-width: 4px 0px 0px; margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 10px 0px 0px 20px; vertical-align: baseline;">
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<img alt="" class="avatar avatar-40 grav-hashed grav-hijack" height="40" id="grav-8d3cedf49b4e30a305d6e3e994725099-1" src="https://2.gravatar.com/avatar/8d3cedf49b4e30a305d6e3e994725099?s=40&d=identicon&r=G" style="background: transparent; border: 0px; left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: 4px; vertical-align: baseline;" width="40" /><cite class="fn" style="background: transparent; border: 0px; color: black; font-style: normal; font-weight: bold; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><a class="url" href="https://anneinpt.wordpress.com/" rel="external nofollow" style="background: transparent; border: 0px; color: #743399; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">anneinpt</a></cite> <span class="says" style="background: transparent; border: 0px; font-style: italic; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">says:</span></div>
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<a href="https://anneinpt.wordpress.com/2015/06/16/the-six-day-war-myths-facts-and-legalities/comment-page-1/#comment-23160" style="background: transparent; border: 0px; color: #777777; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">20 June 2015 at 23:27 pm</a></div>
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Very good points Pete, thank you. Yes, nowadays it’s political correctness that does not allow for a preemptive attack – though when Israel held back before the Yom Kippur War and did not attack preemptively, even though there were plenty of signs and warnings, Israel was still castigated for being the aggressor. The Americans withheld their urgently needed airlift, I think the French may have embargoed us too, and altogether we ended up being the bad guys for being the root cause of the Arab oil embargo on the West.</div>
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So we have learned our lessons well. Whatever we do we will get condemned and slammed and smeared. So in that case we might as well do what we need to do in our own interests, and let the world be damned. If the world had hoped to “teach us a lesson” (as if we need teaching) they’ve gone about it the wrong way.</div>
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We never get any credit for anything good that we do, whether that is withdrawal from Gaza (not that I think it was a good idea, but it seems that’s what the world would want) to taking extraordinary measures to protect Gaza civilians (we were condemned for war crimes abuses) to treating Syrian enemy fighters who are injured in their civil war. (Israel was singled out for not providing enough health care to Syrian citizens!!) that it makes me wonder why the hell we still oblong to that corrupt cabal known as the UN. Or why we should give one damn hoot about what the world thinks of us.</div>
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<img alt="" class="avatar avatar-40" height="40" src="https://i2.wp.com/graph.facebook.com/v2.2/1466092703690253/picture?q=type%3Dlarge%26_md5%3D9b216f278176b91ee911605e924e4787&resize=40%2C40" style="background: transparent; border: 0px; left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: 4px; vertical-align: baseline;" width="40" /><cite class="fn" style="background: transparent; border: 0px; color: black; font-style: normal; font-weight: bold; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><a class="url" href="https://www.facebook.com/app_scoped_user_id/1466092703690253/" rel="external nofollow" style="background: transparent; border: 0px; color: #743399; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">YJ Israel Draiman</a></cite> <span class="says" style="background: transparent; border: 0px; font-style: italic; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">says:</span></div>
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<a href="https://anneinpt.wordpress.com/2015/06/16/the-six-day-war-myths-facts-and-legalities/comment-page-1/#comment-23332" style="background: transparent; border: 0px; color: #777777; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">9 July 2015 at 02:58 am</a></div>
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The Jewish heart and mind is eternally connected to Jerusalem and Israel for thousands of years</div>
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“For over three thousand years, Jerusalem has been the center of Jewish hope and longing. No other city has played such a dominant role in the history, culture, religion and consciousness of a people as has Jerusalem in the life of Jewry and Judaism. Throughout centuries of exile, Jerusalem remained alive in the hearts of Jews everywhere as the focal point of Jewish history, the symbol of ancient glory, spiritual fulfillment and modern renewal. This heart and soul of the Jewish people engenders the thought that if you want one simple word to symbolize all of Jewish history, that word would be ‘Jerusalem.’ “</div>
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“Every Jew has a spark in his soul from the light of God above that illuminates his way during difficult times. And when it seems to him that he is lost and that there is no way out, the spark flares and lights his way. This is the little jug of oil that is revealed in time to save the Jew in times of despair and to light up his life in desperate times.”</div>
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“Let the world know that we were granted our right to exist by the God of our fathers at the glimmer of the dawn of human civilization 4,000 years ago. The Jewish people have a historic, eternal and inalienable right to the whole of the land of our forefathers. And for that right, which has been sanctified in Jewish blood from generation to generation, we have paid a price unprecedented in the annals of nations.”</div>
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How many holidays do the Arabs-Muslims celebrate due to historical events in the land of ancient Israel and Jerusalem.<br />The Jewish people celebrate most of their holidays and fast days in memory of Jerusalem and Israel.<br />and the goal and aspiration to return to Israel and rebuild the Temple in Jerusalem – where it was before it was destroyed and desecrated by the enemies of the Jews. Many of the Jewish prayers for thousands of years recite the love of Israel and the Jewish aspirations to return to their ancestral land and bring back its glory and holiness.<br />At Jewish weddings they break a glass in memory of Jerusalem and the aspiration to return and build the Jewish Temple in Jerusalem.<br />YJ Draiman</div>
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<li class="comment even thread-even depth-1 highlander-comment" id="li-comment-23333" style="background: transparent; border-bottom-color: rgb(231, 231, 231); border-bottom-style: solid; border-width: 0px 0px 1px; margin: 0px 0px 24px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 56px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;"><div id="comment-23333" style="background: transparent; border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
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<img alt="" class="avatar avatar-40" height="40" src="https://i2.wp.com/graph.facebook.com/v2.2/1466092703690253/picture?q=type%3Dlarge&resize=40%2C40" style="background: transparent; border: 0px; left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: 4px; vertical-align: baseline;" width="40" /><cite class="fn" style="background: transparent; border: 0px; color: black; font-style: normal; font-weight: bold; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><a class="url" href="https://www.facebook.com/app_scoped_user_id/1466092703690253/" rel="external nofollow" style="background: transparent; border: 0px; color: #743399; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">YJ Israel Draiman</a></cite> <span class="says" style="background: transparent; border: 0px; font-style: italic; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">says:</span></div>
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<a href="https://anneinpt.wordpress.com/2015/06/16/the-six-day-war-myths-facts-and-legalities/comment-page-1/#comment-23333" style="background: transparent; border: 0px; color: #777777; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">9 July 2015 at 03:00 am</a></div>
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Jerusalem, Judea and Samaria is Jewish territory – No annexation is required<br />If anything it may need to be re-incorporated or re-patriated.<br />Let me pose an interesting scenario. If you had a country and it was conquered by foreign powers over a period of time. After many years you have taken back you country and land in various defensive wars. Do you have to officially annex those territories. It was always your territory and by retaking control and possession of your territory it is again your original property and there is no need to annex it. The title to your property is valid today as it was many years before.<br />Annexation only applies when you are taking over territory that was never yours to begin with, just like some European countries annexed territories of other countries.<br />YJ Draiman</div>
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Jews hold title to the Land of Greater Israel even if outnumbered a million to one.<br />The fact that more foreigners than Jews occupied the Land of Israel during certain periods of time does not diminish true ownership. If my house is invaded by a family ten times larger that mine does that obviate my true ownership? The Land of Israel was given in perpetuity to the Jews by The Almighty, Creator of the World. While man made laws are subject to change the Laws of The Almighty are eternal. We are here because G-d Hashem keeps His promises.</div>
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<a href="https://anneinpt.wordpress.com/2015/06/16/the-six-day-war-myths-facts-and-legalities/comment-page-1/#comment-23334" style="background: transparent; border: 0px; color: #777777; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">9 July 2015 at 03:37 am</a></div>
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Arab-Palestinians. Go ahead try and take my/our Jewish land if you want to try!<br />There are laws that will stop you and than there is me/us the IDF that will stop you! We are done being pushed around by anyone. We will fight back and defend ourselves, we will not let the Holocaust repeat itself – NEVER AGAIN.<br />As it is now, Israel has the Jewish land by right!<br />That is just the fact!<br />I am also telling the rest of the world to mind its own business and stay out of Israel’s internal affairs.<br />They have their own problems to contend with.<br />They were complicit during WWII when over 6 million Jews, men, women and children were exterminated. They were silent when the Arab countries persecuted and expelled over a million Jewish families and confiscated all their assets. Many of the Jewish families expelled from Arab countries have been living in those Arab countries for over 2,500 years . This will not happen again!<br />There is a real status quo that requires positive energy to make the change!<br />Are you going to put in the energy to try to change it???<br />Maybe it is better to cut your losses and accept whatever generous package we the Israelis offer you the Arab-Palestinians, because quite frankly under the current conditions we do not owe the Arab-Palestinians anything and we can just unilaterally set our own legal borders insisting that viable land for real Arab-Palestinians self determination already exists in Jordan which is 80% of Jewish allocated land under the San Remo Treaty of 1920 which was confirmed by the 1920 Treaty of Sevres and Lausanne! (Also see the Paris conference of 1918). The terms of that agreement are valid in perpetuity. Neither the U.N. nor anyone else can change those terms. Article U.N. Article 51 just adds another additional dimension to Israel’s sovereignty over Greater Israel. If you going to inform me that Israel agreed to the terms. I can tell you it takes two to tango, since the Arabs rejected every proposed treaty or agreement, Israel has no obligation to adhere to a one sided agreement and that includes the Oslo Accord. Another dimension is – possession is nine tenths of the law, Israel is in possession.<br />The Arab-Palestinians can also relocate to the Jewish land previously owned by the million Jewish families who were expelled and their land confiscated by the Arab countries, the confiscated assets and land which is at least five to six times the size of Israel and is valued in the trillions of dollars.<br />Israel has resettled the million Jewish refugees and their children from Arab lands. It is time that the Arab countries resettle the Arab-Palestinians refugees, in Jordan which was suppose to be part of the Jewish state, or the 120,440 sq. km. or 75,000 sq. miles of land that the Arab countries confiscated from the Jews.<br />The options we are proposing to the Arab-Palestinians is more than fair, considering you are constantly terrorizing and killing our people every chance you get. That is what you teach your Arab children and masses to do.<br />It all depends on whether we can see the Arab-Palestinians as peaceful neighbors and there is nothing that they have ever done to date that can lead us to believe that they will be good peaceful neighbors!<br />YJ Draiman</div>
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<a href="https://anneinpt.wordpress.com/2015/06/16/the-six-day-war-myths-facts-and-legalities/comment-page-1/#comment-23335" style="background: transparent; border: 0px; color: #777777; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">9 July 2015 at 04:07 am</a></div>
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Obama’s relations with Israel and other Nations<br />Obama has no respect from many of the International community. Obama has no credibility, he has the least experience in real politics, he is the worst president the U.S. has ever had.<br />Obama has alienated many nations and has caused foreign policy damage that is costing the American taxpayer trillions.<br />Obama has abused his executive powers and should be prosecuted for his violations. Obama is ignoring the true sovereignty of the Jewish people in Israel and the various treaties and international agreements entered into after WWI and the various congressional resolutions on behalf of Israel and the Jewish people since WWI. Obama’s blatant disrespect of Netanyahu and Israel’s International legitimate rights shows his naivety in International matters and foreign policy.<br />Obama’s lack of etiquette is an outright embarrassment to the United States.<br />Natanyahu is trying his best, but he will not compromise the security of Israel and that is the way a leader should perform.<br />It is interesting to note, that Jordan is a country that never existed in history before WWI and nobody is contesting its legitimacy or territorial sovereignty and control. The same powers that established 21 Arab States plus Jordan after WWI, Established the State of Israel based on the Balfour Declaration and the San Remo Treaty of 1920 which was confirmed by the 1920 Treaty of Sevres and Lausanne.<br />On the other hand, Israel and its Jewish people have over 3500 year history.<br />Many Nations and people are questioning Israel’s control of its liberated ancestral territory without merit. No one is mentioning that the Arab countries had persecuted, ejected and expelled over a million Jewish families from their countries, confiscated their assets, businesses, homes and Real estate properties and over 670,00 of these Jewish families and their children were resettled in Greater Israel. The Land the Arab countries confiscated from the Jewish people 120,440 sq. km. or 75,000 sq. miles which is over 5-6 times the size of Israel, and its value today is in the trillions of dollars.<br />Let the 21 Arab countries resettle the Arab Palestinians (who came from the Arab countries) in the land they confiscated from the Jews which is 5-6 times the size of Israel. Provide them with funds they confiscated from the million Jewish people they expelled and let them build an economy. This will benefit both the Arab-Palestinians and the hosting countries. The other alternative is relocate the Arab-Palestinians to Jordan, (originally land allocated for the Jewish people) which is already 80% Arab-Palestinians, and give them funds to relocate and build an economy (instead of using those fund for weapons and terror). This will solve the Arab-Palestinians refugee problem once and for all, it will improve the standard of living and build a sound economy, instead of begging for money from the international community and defrauding the U.N. monetary fund. It will also reduce hostility and strife in the region. It will build confidence and pride of achievement in the Arab population.</div>
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If this is not discrimination against Israel, I do not know what is.<br />It seems like nobody cares about land violations in other countries in the world, but when it comes to Israel, everyone has a say. Israel’s rights in the terms of the treaty of San Remo of 1920 are in affect in perpetuity, it clearly states that the Jewish people are the only ones with political rights in the British Mandate of Palestine and that the Jewish people can live anywhere in the British Mandate of Palestine.<br />If the U.S., Europe and other countries will stop meddling, and stop its criticism and involvement in the politics of Israel and the Arabs, than there will be a chance for peace.<br />We know the great powers are only interested in the OIL and nothing else, that is the bottom line.<br />A true and lasting peace in Israel will bring mammoth an unprecetended economic prosperity to The Israelis and The Arabs alike.<br />An approach to peace starts by teaching your children and the people not to hate and condemn any acts violence that hurts civilian population and stop celebrating and rewarding the death and destruction of each other.</div>
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<a href="http://www.cfr.org/israel/san-remo-resolution/p15248" rel="nofollow" style="background: transparent; border: 0px; color: #743399; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">http://www.cfr.org/israel/san-remo-resolution/p15248</a><br /><a href="http://www.cbn.com/cbnnews/insideisrael/2010/July/San-Remo-Resolution-Revisited/" rel="nofollow" style="background: transparent; border: 0px; color: #743399; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">http://www.cbn.com/cbnnews/insideisrael/2010/July/San-Remo-Resolution-Revisited/</a></div>
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YJ Draiman</div>
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P.S.<br />No Jew has the right to yield the rights of the Jewish People in Israel –<br />David Ben Gurion<br />(David Ben-Gurion was the first Prime Minister of Israel and widely hailed as the State’s main founder).<br />“No Jew is entitled to give up the right of establishing [i.e. settling] the Jewish Nation in all of the Land of Israel. No Jewish body has such power. Not even all the Jews alive today [i.e. the entire Jewish People] have the power to cede any part of the country or homeland whatsoever. This is a right vouchsafed or reserved for the Jewish Nation throughout all generations. This right cannot be lost or expropriated under any condition or circumstance. Even if at some particular time, there are those who declare that they are relinquishing this right, they have no power nor competence to deprive coming generations of this right. The Jewish nation is neither bound nor governed by such a waiver or renunciation. Our right to the whole of this country is valid, in force and endures forever. And until the Final Redemption has come, we will not budge from this historic right.”<br />BEN-GURION’S DECLARATION ON THE EXCLUSIVE AND<br />INALIENABLE JEWISH RIGHT TO THE WHOLE OF<br />THE LAND OF ISRAEL:<br />at the Basle Session of the 20th Zionist Congress at Zurich (1937)</div>
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“No country in the world exists today by virtue of its ‘right’.<br />All countries exist today by virtue of their ability to defend themselves against those who seek their destruction.”<br />“Man can live about forty days without food, about three days without water, about eight minutes without air, but only for one second without hope”<br />“The Jews are a peculiar people: Things permitted to other nations are forbidden to the Jews.</div>
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Other nations drive out thousands, even millions of people, and there is no refugee problem. Russia did it. Poland and Czechoslovakia did it. Turkey threw out a million Greeks and Algeria a million Frenchmen. Indonesia threw out heaven knows how many Chinese–and no one says a word about refugees.</div>
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But in the case of Israel, the displaced Arabs have become eternal refugees. Everyone insists that Israel must take back every single Arab. How about the million Jewish refugees and their children from Arab countries who lost 120,440 sq. km. or 75,000 sq. miles of land (5-6 times the size of Israel) and assets valued in the trillions of dollars. Other nations when victorious on the battlefield dictate peace terms. But when Israel is victorious it must sue for peace and sacrifice its security by conceding land for peace which makes the situation worse.</div>
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Everyone expects the Jews to be the only real most honorable in this world.”</div>
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<img alt="" class="avatar avatar-40" height="40" src="https://i2.wp.com/graph.facebook.com/v2.2/1466092703690253/picture?q=type%3Dlarge&resize=40%2C40" style="background: transparent; border: 0px; left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: 4px; vertical-align: baseline;" width="40" /><cite class="fn" style="background: transparent; border: 0px; color: black; font-style: normal; font-weight: bold; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><a class="url" href="https://www.facebook.com/app_scoped_user_id/1466092703690253/" rel="external nofollow" style="background: transparent; border: 0px; color: #743399; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">YJ Israel Draiman</a></cite> <span class="says" style="background: transparent; border: 0px; font-style: italic; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">says:</span></div>
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<a href="https://anneinpt.wordpress.com/2015/06/16/the-six-day-war-myths-facts-and-legalities/comment-page-1/#comment-23336" style="background: transparent; border: 0px; color: #777777; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">9 July 2015 at 04:20 am</a></div>
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Click here for the 1925 Temple Mount Guide.<br /><a href="http://www.raptureforums.com/IsraelMiddleEast/guide.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="background: transparent; border: 0px; color: #743399; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">http://www.raptureforums.com/IsraelMiddleEast/guide.pdf</a><br />One of the most disturbing end times propaganda being promoted today is the absurd notion that the Jews never had a presence on the famous Temple Mount area in Jerusalem. Anyone who is knowledgeable about history and aware of the recent archaeological discoveries on the Temple Mount area over the years knows that the propaganda being perpetuated by the Islamics, United Nations, and other ungodly organizations is simply a political ploy to deny the Jews their historical capital of Jerusalem and the sacred Temple Mount area. The Temple Mount area is the holiest place in Judaism and the remnants of the Second Temple area visible in the form of the “Wailing Wall” where religious Jews flock from around the world in order to pray near the site of the First and Second Temples. Some of the outstanding quotes from the official Temple Mount Guide are as follows:<br />“The site is one of the oldest in the world. Its sanctity dates from the earliest times. Its identity with the site of Solomon’s Temple is beyond dispute. This, too, is the spot, according to universal belief, on which David built there an altar unto the Lord, and offered burnt offerings and peace offerings” (2 Samuel 24:25).</div>
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Rather than the rules allowing non-Muslims to ascend the Mount being from 2006, as was cited in Wikipedia, the rules have remain unchanged since 1924, as can be seen in an online copy of “A Brief Guide to Al-Haram Al-Sharif,” published by the Supreme Moslem Council in Jerusalem, in 1924, with this copy from 1925.<br />A link to the document can be found here:<a href="http://www.templeinstitute.org/1925-wakf-temple-mount-guide.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="background: transparent; border: 0px; color: #743399; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">http://www.templeinstitute.org/1925-wakf-temple-mount-guide.pdf</a>.</div>
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Posted by: YJ Draiman.</div>
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Obama and the Muslims do NOT want you to read this well researched book. It destroys the whole myth of ‘The Arab-Palestinians':</div>
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<a href="http://www.amazon.com/Time-Immemorial-Arab-Jewish-Conflict-Palestine/dp/0963624202/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&qid=1430059263&sr=8-1&keywords=from+time+immemorial+joan+peters" rel="nofollow" style="background: transparent; border: 0px; color: #743399; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">http://www.amazon.com/Time-Immemorial-Arab-Jewish-Conflict-Palestine/dp/0963624202/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&qid=1430059263&sr=8-1&keywords=from+time+immemorial+joan+peters</a></div>
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Thank you for your very informative comments Israel Draiman.</div>
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<a href="https://anneinpt.wordpress.com/2015/06/16/the-six-day-war-myths-facts-and-legalities/comment-page-1/#comment-23378" style="background: transparent; border: 0px; color: #777777; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">15 July 2015 at 05:54 am</a></div>
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The reality of the US is that it has a weak and drifting Administration attempting to restore a world with borders that exist only in old textbooks. Its treatment of the Kurds is a good example – it continues to this day attempting to starve the Kurds of money and weapons in an effort to force the Kurds back under the control of Baghdad in order to placate the Ayatollah who controls Baghdad’s Shiite government.<br />Why? So the Ayatollah will be more pliable during the final nuclear negotiations before meaningful sanctions are imposed (and the final negotiations after that and the final negotiations after that and now coming and concluding a nuclear agreement with Iran that will endanger the Middle East and the rest of the world). It is the U.S. trillions in taxpayer money wasted in Iraq and Afghanistan, what do we have to show for it but terror, death and destruction, mayhem and ISIS. In today’s Middle East Israel is the only power to stop Iran and that may mean using heavy drones to silently and secretly take out Iran’s leaders and facilities and or utilizing its fleet of submarines.</div>
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Its American values that caused Golda Meir to hold off on a pre-emptive strike causing the death of 2,000 IDF and 20,000 wounded and almost losing the country, in 73. Its American values that legalized Arafat and Abbas and legalized Oslo. Its American values that twisted PM Begin’s arm to give away the Sinai, and sign “camp David accords which eventually brought upon us “Oslo & Gush Katiff. Its American values that is keeping “Pollard” in prison even though he did not jeopardize “American security. This has already been acknowledged by the CIA. Its American values that keep pressuring Israel to return to the 67 boarders.., even though International Treaties guaranteed Palestine as the reconstituted Jewish State in its ancestral land. Furthermore, Judea & Samaria was acquired thru self defense. It is U.S. capitulating to Iran delusional nuclear agreement that endangers Israel and the rest of the world. The U.S. benefits greatly from Israeli intelligence, medical and other technology which more than pays back for the iron dome.” It is Israel as an obstacle to Muslim domination of the Middle East. Israel should have made it clear a long time ago. “This is our G-d given land as stated in the Bible.” The U.S. is our ally, but not our landlord.<br />YJ Draiman</div>
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<li class="comment even thread-even depth-1 highlander-comment" id="li-comment-23379" style="background: transparent; border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 56px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;"><div id="comment-23379" style="background: transparent; border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
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<img alt="" class="avatar avatar-40 grav-hashed grav-hijack" height="40" id="grav-5ffc0a14abee05ecdc989b6b4b74e9c2-1" src="https://2.gravatar.com/avatar/5ffc0a14abee05ecdc989b6b4b74e9c2?s=40&d=identicon&r=G" style="background: transparent; border: 0px; left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: 4px; vertical-align: baseline;" width="40" /><cite class="fn" style="background: transparent; border: 0px; color: black; font-style: normal; font-weight: bold; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><a class="url" href="http://www.afsila.net/" rel="external nofollow" style="background: transparent; border: 0px; color: #743399; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">YJ Draiman</a></cite> <span class="says" style="background: transparent; border: 0px; font-style: italic; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">says:</span></div>
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<a href="https://anneinpt.wordpress.com/2015/06/16/the-six-day-war-myths-facts-and-legalities/comment-page-1/#comment-23379" style="background: transparent; border: 0px; color: #777777; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">15 July 2015 at 06:32 am</a></div>
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Arabs-Muslims declare ‘Death to the Jews’ in their Facebook profiles:</div>
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This is not anti-Zionism. This is extreme racist anti-Semitism. If you replace “Death to the Jews” with “Death to the Buddhists”, or “Death to the Catholics”, or “Death to the Pagan worshipers” or “Death to the Kenyans or the Japanese”, what would these words mean other than menacing hate based in evil? This is a macabre, pure Nazi statement that these people gladly promote with the moronic mob mentality that they embrace. This brings only promises of chaos and fear and not respect, or a possible evolution toward a solution of coexistence.</div>
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If the world destroys the Jews, which will never happen with the help of the almighty, the impact of losing the Jewish contributions to the world will be significant and catastrophic.<br />The advances made in medicine, science, technology, law, philosophy and every corner of higher learning and progressive humanity as a direct result of Jewish contributions are etched in history and cannot be denied.<br />Worldwide advances and progress will always be a reminder of what the Jews did and accomplished, unlike any other group in history. Non-Jews always have and continue to wonder how we did all that advancement.</div>
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We the Jews being such a minute percentage of world population have been successful, and will continue so because we do not allow words, feelings or attitudes of hate in our children. Our children, and the generations to follow always come first. We raise our children with love of our traditions and cultures, and respect toward others who may differ. Our women mold the souls of our children and educate them in love and compassion, not hatred.</div>
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Another factor of our success is we promote education as essential in the upbringing of our children. In addition, we lift ourselves up by hard work, dedication and innovation, not by taking others down.</div>
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The Jewish people have survived and prospered even after thousands of years of unwarranted hate and persecutions throughout history. The world at large over the centuries has forced the Jewish people time and time again to liberate themselves from constant discrimination, hate and persecution in the Diaspora. We rose and responded by bringing about the rebirth of modern Israel in its ancestral land in order to survive, strive, thrive and control our own future and destiny.</div>
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Remember, when the Jews and minorities were persecuted, killed and violated in the Arab and Islamic lands, (over a million Jewish families and their children expelled and all their assets confiscated), those countries never recovered from the loss.</div>
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Differences in human composition and dedication are what make the Jewish people stronger. George Washington stated during his comments to the American people about appreciating how Haym Solomon, a Jew, helped in financing the American revolution, that the cultural differences are what make a nation stronger. Israel is the thriving America of Jews worldwide.</div>
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After 2500 years of persecution in the Diaspora, Israel through hard work, determination to succeed, and dedication to survive with control of its own destiny was reborn by the Jewish people against all odds. It took extreme faith, dedication, hardship and consistent toil to rebuild Israel one grain of sand at a time, inch by inch, foot by foot, and mile by mile. The Jews of Israel never quit until all the swamps were gone and the land flourished; until the infrastructure and housing was built. Most importantly, all of these accomplishments by the Jewish people were achieved with limited resources, a hostile environment and Arab and British impediment to our freedom and independence. Nevertheless, we have succeeded in making the desert bloom and flowing with green valleys; we have turned the desert into a land of milk and honey.</div>
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Furthermore, Jewish innovations and advances in all fields keep coming on a consistent basis. We built educational institutions and research facilities that are the envy of the world. Furthermore, overcoming the harsh treatment by the nations of the world, and to ensure we, or any other people are never again led as sheep to the slaughter of the Nazi gas chamber, Israel has morphed into a world military might to rightfully defend its people. Contrary to the efforts of many nations of the world, the State of Israel is alive and thriving! (“the nation of Israel lives”)</div>
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History has proven hate begets hate, and nations built upon a premise of hate have all failed. If all the Jews were gone (not likely), the anti-Semitic promoters and facilitators would need to feed their hate, and would turn on each other. History has proven as such to always be the end result of hate.</div>
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I challenge you. Try love and understanding, compassion and kindness, embrace and respect the differences, it will make living a celebration of life, it’s all very beautiful and content, furthermore, you will find the real true success and accomplishment. It will be hard to change the narrative, but go ahead, accept the challenge to heal instead of hate, to tolerate instead of intolerance, to endure instead of abhor.<br />If you follow these ideals, narratives and behavior, you may finally see some success like many of the JEWS and forego your jealousy and intolerance!<br />This will bring about a harmonious and thriving coexistence that will benefit society and humanity for generations to come.<br />YJ Draiman</div>
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Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03548930328958735839noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6445230771985640972.post-81920696242838727632015-07-29T19:43:00.005-07:002015-07-29T19:44:49.091-07:00Why Jews Fled the Arab Countries by Ya'akov Meron<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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<span style="color: blue; font-size: x-large;">Why Jews Fled the Arab Countries</span></h1>
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<b>by Ya'akov Meron</b><br />
<i style="font-weight: bold;">Middle East Quarterly</i><br />
<b>September 1995, pp. 47-55</b></div>
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<i style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 1.5;">Ya'akov Meron holds a doctorate in law from the Faculté de Droit de Paris and is an authority on Islamic law and the law of Arab countries. He was a member of the Israeli delegation to negotiate the peace treaty with Egypt and to solve the Taba issue.</i></div>
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<b>COORDINATING A PROGRAM OF EXPULSION</b><br />
In a key address before the Political Committee of the U.N. General Assembly on November 14, 1947, just five days before that body voted on the partition plan for Palestine, Heykal Pasha, an Egyptian delegate, made the following key statement in connection with that plan:<br />
<blockquote>
The United Nations . . . should not lose sight of the fact that the proposed solution might endanger a million Jews living in the Moslem countries. Partition of Palestine might create in those countries an anti-Semitism even more difficult to root out than the anti-Semitism which the Allies were trying to eradicate in Germany. . . If the United Nations decides to partition Palestine, it might be responsible for the massacre of a large number of Jews.</blockquote>
Heykal Pasha then elaborated on his threat:<br />
<blockquote>
A million Jews live in peace in Egypt [and other Muslim countries] and enjoy all rights of citizenship. They have no desire to emigrate to Palestine. However, if a Jewish State were established, nobody could prevent disorders. Riots would break out in Palestine, would spread through all the Arab states and might lead to a war between two races.<sup>1</sup></blockquote>
Heykal Pasha's thinly veiled threats of "grave disorders," "massacre," "riots," and "war between two races" did not at the time go unnoticed by Jews;<sup>2</sup> for them, it had the same ring as the proposition made six years earlier by the Palestinian leader Hajj Amin al-Husayni to Hitler of a "final solution" for the Jews of Arab countries, including Palestine. But the statement appears to have made no lasting impression, to the point that a historian of the Jews in Egypt has described Heykal Pasha as "a well-known liberal."<sup>3</sup><br />
Particularly noteworthy is that although Heykal Pasha spoke at the United Nations in his capacity as a representative of Egypt, he continuously mentioned the Jews "in other Muslim countries" and "all the Arab states," suggesting a level of coordination among the Arab governments. Indeed, four days after his statement, Iraq's Foreign Minister Fadil Jamali declared at the United Nations that "interreligious prejudice and hatred" would bring about a great deterioration in the Arab-Jewish relationship in Iraq and in the Arab world at large,<sup>4</sup> thereby reinforcing the impression that Heykal Pasha was talking not just on behalf of Egypt but for all the independent Arab states. Further confirmation came several days later, after the General Assembly had decided in favor of partitioning Palestine, when, "following orders issued by the Arab League,"<sup>5</sup> Muslims engaged in outrages against Jews living in Aden and Aleppo.<sup>6</sup><br />
Another indication that Arab rulers coordinated the expulsion of Jews from their terrorites comes from a Beirut meeting one and a half years later of senior diplomats from all the Arab States. By this time, March 1949, the Arab states had already lost the first Arab-Israeli war; they now used this defeat to justify an expulsion that had been officially proclaimed before the war even began. As reported in a Syrian newspaper, "If Israel should oppose the return of the Arab refugees to their homes, the Arab governments will expel the Jews living in their countries."<sup>7</sup><br />
According to Walid Khalidi, perhaps the leading Palestinian nationalist historian and a highly reputable source, "The Arabs held their ground throughout the period from November 1947 to March 1948. Up to March 1, not one single Arab village had been vacated by its inhabitants, and the number of people leaving the mixed towns was insignificant."<sup>8</sup> The mass departure from Palestine of 590,000 Arabs began only in April 1948; yet , Heykal Pasha had publicly and very formally announced a program to expel Jews from Arab countries fully five months earlier.<br />
To understand how and when the expulsion of Jews from the Arab countries was actually carried out, we look at the Iraqi case in some detail, then others more breifly.<br />
<b>IRAQ</b><br />
As mentioned above, the Iraqi authorities openly and formally identified themselves with Heykal Pasha's threats just four days after he uttered them. Foreign Minister Jamali addressed the United Nations in this manner:<br />
<blockquote>
The masses in the Arab world cannot be restrained. The Arab-Jewish relationship in the Arab world will greatly deteriorate. . . . Harmony prevails among Muslems, Christians and Jews [in Iraq]. But any injustice imposed upon the Arabs of Palestine will disturb the harmony among Jews and non-Jews in Iraq; it will breed interreligious prejudice and hatred.<sup>9</sup></blockquote>
By "the masses in the Arab world," Jamali in fact meant his own government, which soon took a series of steps, including anti-Semitic legislation, against its Jewish population. This began with a 1948 amendment to the Penal Code of Baghdad, adding Zionism to other ideologies and behavior (communism, anarchism, and immorality) whose propagation constituted a punishable offense. Laws in 1950 and 1951 the deprived Jews of their Iraqi nationality and their property in Iraq, respectively.<sup>10</sup><br />
At times, Iraqi politicians candidly acknowledged that they wanted to expel their Jewish population for reasons of their own, having nothing to do with retaliation for the Palestinian exodus. Perhaps the most interesting incident took place at the tail end of the Israeli war of independence, in late January or early February 1949, when Iraq's Prime Minister Nuri Sa'id described a plan to expel Jews from Iraq to Alec Kirkbride, then the British ambassador at Amman, and Samir El-Rifa'i, head of the Jordanian government. Kirkbride recounts that Nuri<br />
Came out with the astounding proposition that a convoy of Iraqi Jews should be brought over in army lorries escorted by armoured cars, taken to the Jordanian-Israeli frontier, and forced to cross the line. Quite apart from the certainty that the Israelis would not consent to receive deportees in that manner, the passage of Jews through Jordan would almost certainly have touched off serious trouble amongst the very disgruntled Arab refugees who were crowded into the country. Either the Iraqi guards would have had to shoot other Arabs to protect the lives of their charges. . .<br />
Samir and I were flabbergasted and our faces must have shown our feelings. . . .<br />
I replied, at once, that the matter at issue was no concern of His Majesty's Government. Samir refused his assent as politely as possible but Nuri lost his temper at being rebuffed and he said: "So, you do not want to do it, do you?" Samir snapped back: "Of course I do not want to be party to such a crime." Nuri thereupon exploded with rage and I began to wonder what the head of the diplomatic mission would do if two Prime Ministers came to blows in his study. We then broke up in disorder, but I got them out of the house whilst preserving a minimum of propriety.<sup>11</sup><br />
Nuri probably chose the British embassy in Amman as the site at which to disclose his plan to the head of the Jordanian government because high-ranking British officials had often spoken of the need to exchange Palestinian Arab and Arab Jewish populations,<sup>12</sup> and he most likely expected British understanding of, it not support for, his scheme.<br />
Similarly, when Nuri visited Jerusalem on January 13, 1951, he met 'Arif al-'Arif, the Palestinian leader who served as Jordan's district commissioner for Jerusalem. 'Arif asked Nuri to hold up the departure of Jews from Iraq "until the problem of Palestine and of the refugees had been solved," or at least "for one or two years." Nuri refused to do so. Revealingly, his reasons bore only on considerations of internal Iraqi policy:<br />
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The Jews have always been a source of evil and harm to Iraq. They are spies. They have sold their property in Iraq, they have no land among us that they can cultivate. How therefore can they live? What will they do if they stay in Iraq? No, no my friend, it is better for us to be rid of them as long as we are able to do so.<sup>13</sup></blockquote>
Nuri candidly acknowledges here that he wanted the Jews out of Iraq, and never mind what consequences their exodus might have for the future of the Palestinian Arabs.<br />
In conversation with foreign diplomats, however, Nuri presented the expulsion of Iraq's Jews in a very different light-as an exchange of population. On no less than six occasions in 1949, he made this point with foreigners.<br />
(1) In talks with the U.N. Reconciliation Commission in Baghdad on February 18, 1949 (in other words, even before the Beirut meeting of Arab diplomats in March 1949, when the Arab states coordinated their stand on the matter), he threatened harm to the Jews: "Iraq has thus far been able to protect its 160,000 Jews but . . . unless conditions improve and unless Jews now demonstrated their good faith with deeds not words Iraq might be helpless to prevent spontaneous action by its people."<sup>14</sup><br />
(2) To an American diplomat in Baghdad on May 8, 1949, Nuri mentioned his idea of a "voluntary exchange on pro rata basis of Iraqi Jews for Pal[estinian] Arabs," adding the threat that "firebrand Iraqis might take matters into [their] own hands and cause untold misery to thousands [of] innocent persons."<sup>15</sup><br />
(3) On August 8, 1949, he raised with an official of the British Foreign Office the idea of "an exchange of population."<sup>16</sup><br />
(4) On September 29, 1949, a member of the British embassy in Baghdad reported Nuri's wish "to force an exchange of population under U.N. supervision and the transfer of 100,000 Jews beyond Iraq in exchange for the Arab refugees who had already left the territory in Israeli hands."<sup>17</sup><br />
(5) On October 14, 1949, Nuri spoke with U.N. officials about the exchange of "100,000 Baghdad Jews and 80,000 other Jews in Iraq for [an] equivalent number [of] urban Arab Palestinian refugees."<sup>18</sup><br />
(6) To the Clapp Mission in 1949,<sup>19</sup> Nuri presented the Jewish expulsion from Iraq as part of a population exchange.<sup>20</sup><br />
This (and other evidence) leads to the conclusion that while the Iraqi government sought to present the explusion of Jews as a crowd-driven retaliatory act for the exodus of the Arab refugees from Palestine, it in fact had a full-fledged plan in place before the Arab refugee problem even came into existence.<br />
This interpretation resolves a number of historical questions. It explains the origins of the otherwise mysterious legislation in 1950 depriving Jews of their Iraqi nationality. For example, Shlomo Hillel cannot understand how this complete reversal of the Iraqi attitudes happened, and suggests that Nuri Sa'id did not really intend immediately to apply the law.<sup>21</sup> This author respectfully disagrees: take into account the U.N. declarations, the anti-Jewish legislation, and the government persecution of Jews, and it becomes clear that the deprivation of Iraqi nationality was but another step in a plan of expulsion.<br />
The Iraqi plan of expulsion also explains the bombing of the Mas'uda Shem Tob Synagogue in Baghdad on January 14, 1951, as Jews were registering there to emigrate to Israel. Zionists have been accused of causing the violence in the hopes of spurring the Jews to leave Iraq, an accusation whose truth so eminent an authority as Elie Kedourie has said "must remain an open question."<sup>22</sup> But knowing of the authorities' expulsion plan suggests that not Zionists but Muslim Iraqis were behind the incident . That an Iraqi army officer arrested for throwing the bomb belonged to the opposition Istiqlal Party points to that faction's responsibility.<sup>23</sup><br />
<b>OTHER ARAB COUNTRIES</b><br />
Similar patterns of Jewish exodus existed in other Arabic-speaking countries, including Yemen, Libya, Syria, Egypt, Algeria and Jordan.<br />
Yemen. Yemeni persecution of Jews prompted a trickle of Jewish emigration to Palestine from the third quarter of the nineteenth century on. Heykal Pasha's speech merely added momentum to the longstanding Yemeni policy of discrimination against and degradation of Jews, based on a particularly pedantic interpretation of the Islamic law. A bribe from the American Joint Distribution Committee to Yemen's ruler, Imam Ahmad ibn Yahya, led to his agreeing to the mass exodus of Jews to Israel in 1949-50 by airplane via Aden, an operation known as "On Eagle's Wings" (or, in journalistic lore, "Magic Carpet"). The Jews of Yemen, relying on their own means, suffering losses of life and deprivations, traversed the desert to Aden by foot and on donkeys. There, the Jewish Agency lodged them in camps and eventually boarded them onto planes that took them to Israel. In this way, some 50,000 Yemeni Jews reached Israel during the two-year period.<br />
We lack information about the Yemeni government's decision-making process. But this case provides the clearest example of Jews' being persecuted and expelled for reasons having to do with Islamic law.<br />
Libya. In Libya, as in Yemen, the exodus of the Jews began even before Heykal Pahsa's declaration at the United Nations. Attacks on Jewish quarters in Tripoli and other cities occurred in 1945, leading to a death toll the British put at 130 Jews.<sup>24</sup> In other words, Jews began leaving Libya three years before the establishment of Israel and seven years before Libya gained independence. Their departure turned into a mass exodus as soon as Israel gained independence and the gates opened to Libyan Jewry. As in Iraq, internal policy appears to be the reason both for the Jews' expulsion and for later rhetoric inviting them back.<br />
Syria. In Syria, too, the majority of Jews departed before independence in 1946, and long before Heykal Pasha's statement and the establishment of Israel. As in Yemen and Libya, crude pressure on the Jews of Syria-such as the 1947 pogrom in Aleppo and the rape and murder of four Jewish girls who allegedly tried to smuggle themselves out of Syria-caused a substantial emigration.<br />
While Syria is distinguished from other Arab countries by the fact that its legislation does not manifest discrimination against Jews, Heykal Pasha's policy was indeed applied there, too. The government seized control of Jewish property in Syria on the basis of emergency legislation and gave it to Arab refugees. Thus, Palestinians were settled in Damascus's Jewish ghetto, while the Alliance Israélite Universelle School, finished 1n 1939, became a school for Palestinian children. A diplomat at the French embassy in Damascus intervened with the Syrian authorities about this school and was told that the Syrian Jews had to provide room for the Arab refugees, the latter having been expelled by their Palestinian co-religionists.<sup>25</sup><br />
Egypt. In some cases, the execution of the Arab plan of expulsion extended over a period much longer than that of the military hostilities. In Egypt, the expulsion reached its climax only after the overthrow of the monarchy by disgruntled army officers back from the Palestinian battlefield. In Algeria, which did not attain independence until 1962, the expulsion took place later yet.<br />
Jews in Egypt faced acute problems in the 1940s but these did not set their mass departure in motion. Rioting against Jews occurred in November1945, then resumed in June-November 1948,<sup>26</sup> the latter time inspired by the war with Israel. An amendment to the Egyptian Companies Law dated July 29, 1947, required that 40 percent of a company's directors and 75 percent of its employees be Egyptian nationals, causing the dismissal and livelihood of many Jews, 85 percent of whom did not possess Egyptian nationality.<sup>27</sup> A letter to the editor of Akhir Sa'a in 1948 offers some insight into the predicament of Egyptian Jews:<br />
<blockquote>
It would seem that most people in Egypt are unaware of the fact that among Egyptian Muslisms there are some who have white skin. Every time I board a tram I hear people pointing at me with a finger and saying "Jew," "Jew." I have been beaten more than once because of this. For that reason I humbly beg that my picture (enclosed) be published with the explanation that I am not Jewish and that my name is Adham Mustafa Galeb.<sup>28</sup></blockquote>
This testimony rather directly refutes the fine rhetoric of Heykal Pasha about Jews' enjoying "all rights of citizenship."<br />
Cairo was slow in carrying out the plan proclaimed by its own diplomat, Heykal Pasha; only during and after the Suez Crisis of 1956 did Egyptian Jews leave in substantial numbers. At that time, the Egyptian Nationality Law was amended to prohibit "Zionists" from holding Egyptian nationality,<sup>29</sup>Army Order no. 4 then confiscated property of individuals and associations;<sup>30</sup> and supervision, imprisonment, or expulsion followed. The amendment to the Nationality Law of 1956 defined the term Zionism as "not a religion but the spiritual and material bond between those defined as Zionists and Israel."<sup>31</sup> A furthur ministerial decree in 1958 indicates that all Jews between the ages of ten and sixty-five leaving Egypt would be added to the list of persons prohibited from reentering the country.<sup>32</sup> Clearly, these decrees had little to do with the Arab refugees of a decade earlier.<br />
Algeria. In Algeria, no significant Jewish emigration occurred until the summer of 1961, and then nearly the entire population was gone within the year.<sup>33</sup> Algeria's independence from France was the key event here; Jews were no longer welcome after the French depature. The Algerian Nationality Code of 1963 made this clear by granting Algerian nationality as a right only to those inhabitants whose fathers and paternal grandfathers had Muslim personal status in Algeria.<sup>34</sup> In other words, although the National Liberation Front in Algeria was known for its slogan "A Democratic Secular State," it adhered to strictly religious criteria in granting nationality.<br />
Jordan. No Jews lived in Transjordan in 1946 (when it became an independent state), as a result of Winston Churchill's 1921 decision in favor of "preserving [the] Arab character" of Transjordan<sup>35</sup> and the resulting British policy forbidding Jews from settling there. Legislation passed in 1954 declared that only non-Jews coming from the former British Mandate of Palestine were entitled to Jordanian citizenship.<sup>36</sup> What is so striking about Jordan is that although it lacked a Jewish population, it still shared in the general Arab trend of excluding Jews. Further, it actively discriminated against Lebanese and Syrian Jews.<sup>37</sup><br />
<b>SILENCE, DENUNCIATION, AND ACCEPTANCE</b><br />
A strange silence prevails over the expulsion of the Jews from Arab countries. Out of fifteen books (mainly autobiographies) written by Iraqi politicians and other public figures, only two make any reference to the farhud,<sup>38</sup> the Iraqi pogrom of 1941 that first shook feelings among the Jews for the land of their very ancient residence and was the first step in their leaving the country. In his memoirs, Tawfiq as-Suwaydi, head of the Iraqi government and the man with whom the agreement to transport Jews from Baghdad to Israel by air was reached, "does not recall, if only by way of a mere hint, the actual departure of the Jewish communities from his country."<sup>39</sup><br />
On the Israeli side, the establishment did little to break the silence about the dire circumstances of the Jewish exodus from Arab countries.<sup>40</sup> Quite the contrary, the romantic "magic carpet" image for the migration from Yemen and the "Ezra and Nehemiah Operation" name attached to the Iraqi migration stress the positive, glossing over the unhappy circumstances of the Arab expulsions. Jean-Peirre Péroncel-Hugoz, a Frence orientalist and journalist at Le Monde, notes with surprise "that Israel only very rarely emphasizes the fact that a part if its population left property and space it legitimately owned in the Arab countries of its origin."<sup>41</sup><br />
Palestinians are the only Arabs vocally to denounce the expulsion of Jews from Arab countries. This began in January 1951 with a telegram from 'Aarif to the Arab Legue after he failed in his efforts to persuade Nuri to stop the exit of Jews from Iraq. "Were every area of Arab land where Jews reside to retain the Jews and their property as a pledge, two problems would easily be solved, that of Palestine generally and that of the refugees in particular."<sup>42</sup> Along these lines, the Palestinian National Covenant calls for sending the Jews back to their lands of origin. Nabil Hga'th, Yasir Arafat's advisor, twenty years ago drew attention to the invitation that the Sudan and Libya sent to "their" Jews to return, and called upon the Arab states to legislate a kind of "Law of Return" for Jews of Arab origins.<sup>43</sup><br />
Remarkably, some Palestinians have come to see Jewish sovereignty in Israel in terms of a population exchange, and as the necessary price to be paid for the Arab expulsions. 'Isam as-Sirtawi, who participated in some well-known terrorist operations but later excelled in seeking contact with the Israelis, told Ha-'Olam Ha-zé editor Uri Avneir that he gave up terrorism against Israel and instead began promoting negotiations when he realized that Israel serves as the asylum for Jews expelled from Arab countries; and that there is no going back along that path.<sup>44</sup> Sabri Jiryis, director of the Institute of Palestine Studies in Beirut, enumerated in 1975 the factors leading to the establishment of the State of Israel. The Arab states had much to do with this, for they expelled the Jews "in a most ugly fashion, and after confiscating their possessions or taking control thereof at the lowest price." These Jews then<br />
<blockquote>
Participated in the reinforcement of Israel, its strengthening and fortification to the degree we see it as present. . . . There is no need to say that the problem of those Jews and their passage to Israel is not merely theoretical, at least from the viewpoint of the Palestinian problem. Clearly, Israel will raise the question in all serious negotiation that may in time be conducted over the rights of the Palestinians. . . . Israel's arguments take approximately the following form: "It is true that we Israelis brought about the exodus of the Arabs from their land in the war of 1948 . . . and that we took control of their property. In return however you Arabs caused the expulsion of a like number of Jews from Arab countries since 1948 until today. Most of these went to Israel after you seized control of their property in one way or another. What happened, therefore, is merely a kind of 'population and property transfer,' the consequences of which both sides have to bear. Thus Israel gathers in the Jews from Arab countries and the Arab countries are obliged in turn to settle the Palestinians within their own borders and work towards a solution of the problem". Israel will undoubtedly advance these claims in the first real debate over the Palestinian problem.<sup>45</sup></blockquote>
In brief, 'Arif, Sirtawi, and Jiryis recognize that the expulsion of a million Jews from the Arab countries renders the return of Arab refugees infeasible. This realization is compounded by the fact that almost half a century has elapsed since the beginning of the refugee problem, both Arab and Jewish, within the Arab-Israeli conflict. Those individuals to be involved in any future rehabilitation program will mostly be heirs, and even grandchildren, of the original refugees.<br />
<b>CONCLUSION</b><br />
Accounts of the late 1940s widely assume that the Arab exodus occurred first, followed by the Jewish expulsion. Kirkbride refers to "a decision of the Iraqi government to retaliate for the expulsion of Arab refugees from Palestine by forcing the majority of the Jewish population of Iraq to go to Israel."<sup>46</sup> In Libya, too, there is a similar tendency to associate the uprooting of the Jewish community with the establishment of the State of Israel. "Jews," John Wright argues, "were forced out of Libya as a result of events leading up and following the foundation of the State of Israel in May 1948."<sup>47</sup><br />
But these accounts oversimplify the actual sequence of events: as we have seen, in a good many cases, Jews were forced out well before the Palestinian exodus. As 'Arif, Sirtawi, and Jiryis acknowledge, the Arab states contributed substantially to the Palestinians' present predicament. A recognition of the full wrong done to the Jews of the Arab countries should put to rest Palestinian claims for restitution by Israel. As Péroncel-Hugoz correctly points out, the Jews "left property and space [they] legitimately owned" in the Middle East. In coming to Israel, then these Jews brought with them certain rights.<br />
This information not only straightens out the sequence of events fifty years ago but it refutes exorbitant claims made in the name of Palestinians. A recognition of the true nature of those events represents the best chance for a swift resolution of the Palestinian refugee question today. With so many issues that will have a lasting effect on the future of their populations awaiting the attention of Israeli and Palestinian negotiators, this is one case where the two sides would do well to let history stand and call it even.<br />
<sup>1</sup> U.N. General Assembly, Second Session, Official Records, Ad Hoc Committee on the Palestinian Question, Summary Records of Meetings, Lake Success, N.Y., Sept. 25-Nov. 15, 1947, p. 185. The original language of this statement is French, so we have altered the U.N's English translation to bring it into harmony with the equally official French text.<br />
<sup>2</sup> For example, Emile Najjar, the last president of the Egyptian Zionist Federation and a future Israeli diplomat, pointed out Heykal Pasha's remarks in a lecture delivered in Paris at the Centre d'Etudes de Politique Etrangére on Dec. 20, 1947.<br />
<sup>3</sup> Gurdron Krämer, "Aliyatah u-shki'atah shel Kehilat Kahir," Pe'amim, Spring 1981, pp. 28-30-34.<br />
<sup>4</sup> U.N. General Assembly, Second Session, Official Records, Verbatim Record of the Plenary Meeting, vol. II, 110th-128th meetings, Lake Success, N.Y., Sept. 16-Nov. 29, 1947, p. 1391.<br />
<sup>5</sup> H.J. Cohen, The Jews of the Middle East, 1860-1972 (Jerusalem: Israel Universities Press, 1973), p. 67.<br />
<sup>6</sup> Daniel Pipes, Greater Syria: The History of an Ambition (New York: Oxford University Press, 1990) p. 57, records 75 victims of the Aleppo massacre.<br />
<sup>7</sup> Al-Kifah, Mar. 28, 1949, quoted Shlomo Hillel, Ruah Kadim (Jerusalem: 'Idanim, 1985) p. 244. This book is available in English as Operation Babylon, trans. Ina Friedman (New York: Doubleday, 1987).<br />
<sup>8</sup> Walid Khalidi, "Plan Dalet, Master Plan for the Conquest of Palestine," Middle East Forum, Nov. 1961, p. 27.<br />
<sup>9</sup> U.N. General Assembly, Second Session, Official Records, Verbatim Record of the Plenary Meeting, p. 1391.<br />
<sup>10</sup> Cohen, Jews of the Middle East, pp. 29-35: Hillel, Ruah Kadim, pp. 135-42.<br />
<sup>11</sup> Sir Alec Kirkbride, From the Wings: Amman Memoirs, 1947-1951 (London: Frank Cass, 1976), pp. 115-16.<br />
<sup>12</sup> For example, the colonial secretary spoke of this to the Mandates Commission of the League of Nations in 1937. League of Nations, Minutes of the 32d (Extraordinary Sessions of the permanent Mandates Commission, Geneva, July 30-Aug. 18, 1932, p. 21; Hugh dalton, Memoirs: The Fatal Years, 1931-1945 (London: Frederick Muller, Ltd., 1957) pp. 426-427.<br />
<sup>13</sup> 'Arif al-'Arif, An-Nakba, 1947-1955, vol. 4 (Sidon and Beirut: Al-Maktaba al-'Asriya, 1960) p. 893.<br />
<sup>14</sup> Telegram from the American embassy in Damascus to Washington, D.C., Feb. 21, 1949. I am grateful to Ron Zweig for making this and other U.S. government telegrams available to me.<br />
<sup>15</sup> Telegram from the American embassy in Baghdad to Washington, D.C., May 9, 1949.<br />
<sup>16</sup> Moshe Gat, A Jewish Community in Crisis: The Exodus from Iraq, 1948-1951 (Jerusalem: The Zalman Shazar Center for Jewish History, 1989), p. 40.<br />
<sup>17</sup> Hillel, Ruah Kadim, p. 245.<br />
<sup>18</sup> Telegram from the American embassy in Baghdad to Washington, D.C., Oct. 15, 1949.<br />
<sup>19</sup> Formally, the Economic Survey Mission, a U.N. effort headed by the Tennessee Valley Authority chairman, Gordon R. Clapp, which led to the establishment of the United Nations Relief and Works Agency.<br />
<sup>20</sup> Information related to the author on Dec. 12, 1990, by Paul Marc Henry, secretary to the Clapp Mission (and later French ambassador to Lebanon).<br />
<sup>21</sup> Hillel, Ruah Kadim, p. 224.<br />
<sup>22</sup> Elie Kedourie, The Chatham Version and Other Middle Eastern Studies (London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1970), p. 449n. 72.<br />
<sup>23</sup> Gat, Jewish Community in Crisis, pp. 151-52. An Israeli court has confirmed that Zionists were not behind the explosion: Barukh Nadel, an Israeli journalist, wrote that Israel's emissaries in Iraq were involved in this crime. In 1980, Mordekhaï Ben- Porat, a former member of parliament (and later a government minister) who had played a major role in organizing the mass immigration of Jews from Iraq to Israel, brought a libel suit against Nadel. Ben-Porat produced the results of an inquiry by the Israeli secret services in 1951, which concluded that none of the Israeli emissaries was involved in the crime. The defendant retracted his allegations and the case was closed. See Ma'ariv, Dec. 7, 1981.<br />
<sup>24</sup> John Wright, Libya: A Modern History (Baltimore, Md.: The John Hopkins University Press, 1982), p. 75n. 1; "The Jewish Case before the Anglo-American Committee of Inquiry on Palestine as presented by the Jewish Agency for Palestine" (Jerusalem: Publishing Department of the Jewish Agency for Palestine, 1947), pp. 392-94.<br />
<sup>25</sup> The French diplomat (whose name is no longer known) told this in the early 1950s to Eugene Weill, secretary-general of the Alliance Israélite Universelle; Mr. Weill repeated it to the author in the early 1970s.<br />
<sup>26</sup> Cohen, Jews of the Middle East, pp. 49-51.<br />
<sup>27</sup> Ibid., p. 88; Shimon Shamir, The Jewis of Egypt (Boulder, Colo.: Westview Press, 1987), pp. 33-67.<br />
<sup>28</sup> Published originally in Akhir Sa'a, then translated into French as part of a newspaper survey in La Bourse Egyptienne of July 22, 1948; cited in Yehudiya Masriya, Les Jufis en Egypte (Geneva: Editions de l'Avenir, 1971), p. 54.<br />
<sup>29</sup> Law no. 391 of 1956, section 1(a). See Al-Waqa 'i' al-Misriya, no. 93 repeated (1), Nov. 30, 1956.<br />
<sup>30</sup> Egyptian Official Gazette, no. 88 repeated (1) of Nov. 1, 1957.<br />
<sup>31</sup> "Egyptian Nationality," in Revue Egyptienne de Droit International, vol. 12 (1956), pp. 80,87.<br />
<sup>32</sup> Egyptian Official Gazette no. 31, Apr. 15, 1958.<br />
<sup>33</sup> For a compelling account of how the "very old and well-established " Jewish community of one Algerian town, Ghardaia, "could be blasted loose from its deep and ancient roots almost overnight, and could be shattered so completely," see the compelling account by Lloyd Cabot Briggs and Norina Lami Guéde, No More For Ever; A Saharan Jewish Town (Cambridge, Mass.: Peabody Museum, 1964).<br />
<sup>34</sup> See section 34 of the Algerian Nationality Code, Law no. 63-69 of Mar. 27, 1963 p. 306; also cited in Annuaire de l'Afrique du Nord 1973, pp. 806-14.<br />
<sup>35</sup> Quoted in Aaron S. Klieman, Foundations of British Policy in the Arab World: The Cairo Conference of 1921 (Baltimore, Md.: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1970), p. 230.<br />
<sup>36</sup> Section 3(3) of Jordanian Nationality Law no. 6 of 1954, recorded in Al-Jarida ar-Rasmiya, no. 1171, Feb. 16, 1954, p. 105.<br />
<sup>37</sup> Anti-Jewish discrimination appears in order no. 1282 of July 1, 1957 (attributed to the Official Gazette of Jordan, no. 1282 by the Collection of Laws and Regulations [in Arabic], vol. 1 issued by the Jordanian Bar, Amman, 1957, p. 186), which exempts Syrian nationals from showing their passports on entering or leaving Jordan. They may use any other identifying document provided that "they are not Jews." The same discriminatory legislation against Jews from Lebanon appears in Majmu'at al-Qawanin wa'l-Anzima, vol. 1 (Amman: Jordanian Bar, 1966), p. 188<br />
<sup>38</sup> Yehuda Tagar "Ha-Farhud bi-Ktavim be-'Aravit me'et Medina'im u-Mehabrim 'Iraqiyim,"Pe'amim, Summer 1981, pp. 38-45.<br />
<sup>39</sup> Hillel, Ruah Kadim, p. 285.<br />
<sup>40</sup> Mordekhaï Ben-Porat is one exception,: at the end of 1975, he established the World Organization of Jews from Arab Countries. He also spoke up on this topic in the Israeli parliament (see, for example, Divrei ha-Knesset, vol. 72, Jan. 1, 1975, p. 1112).<br />
<sup>41</sup> Jean-Pierre Péroncel-Hugoz, Une Croix sur le Liban (Paris: Lieu Commun, 1984), p. 114. The issue of Jewish refugees from Arab countries is likely to grow in importance as many of their number reach the forefront of public life in Israel. In the imd-1980s, for example, the chief of staff of the Israel army, the parliamentary speaker, the minister of justice, the minister of energy, and the minister of health all were of Iraqi origin. The secretary-general of the Histadrut (the labor federation) was born in Yemen. The deputy prime minister and the minister of the interior were born in Morocco. The countries of the Arab League have by now an impressive representation in the government of Israel.<br />
<sup>42</sup> 'Arif, Al-Nakba, p. 894.<br />
<sup>43</sup> Jeune Afrique, July 4, 1975; Ma'ariv, July 3, 1975.<br />
<sup>44</sup> Kol Ha'ir, Oct. 30, 1986.<br />
<sup>45</sup> An-Nahar, May 15, 1975.<br />
<sup>46</sup> Kirkbride, From the Wings, p. 115.<br />
<sup>47</sup> Wright, Libya, p. 75n 1.</div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03548930328958735839noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6445230771985640972.post-64133792958475373842015-07-29T19:17:00.001-07:002015-07-29T19:41:12.225-07:00The Inconvenient Truth About Jews From Arab Lands: They Were Expelled <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: FreightSans-Book, Arial, sans-serif;"><b><span style="color: blue; font-size: x-large;">The Inconvenient Truth About Jews From Arab Lands: They Were Expelled</span></b></span><span style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: FreightSans-Book, Arial, sans-serif;"><br style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; box-sizing: inherit;" /></span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;">Nathan Weinstock hadn’t planned to write a book about the Jews of Arab lands. But when he looked for information about the modern history of Moroccan or Iraqi Jewry, he was surprised to discover that there was no book in French that told the story of the elimination of the Jewish communities in the Middle East and North Africa in the mid-20th century.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">“In the end,” he says, “I decided to write it myself.”</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">One of the surprising discoveries he made was about the powerful bond with their roots felt by many of the roughly 1 million Jews in North Africa and the Middle East who left their homes in the decade after the creation of Israel.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">“The story I knew,” Weinstock relates in a Skype interview from his home in Nice, in the south of France, “was that the Jews were happy to leave the Arab countries the moment they were given the opportunity to do so. We were not told anything about the Jews’ deep connection with Arab culture, for example. It was only later that I learned that Jewish writers were the foundation of Iraqi literature. And that in mid-19th-century Egypt, the man who invented the nationalist slogan ‘Egypt for the Egyptians,’ and was known as ‘the Egyptian Molière,’ was a Jew named Jacob Sanua.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">“In the course of my research,” he continues, “I found out that the story we had been told – that the Jews left the Arab countries because they were Zionists – was for the most part wrong. True, they had an affinity for the Land of Israel – that is certainly correct – but the organized Zionist movement was very weak in the Arab countries. The great mass of Jews left under duress. They were expelled. They were subjected to such enormous pressure that they had no choice but to leave.”</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Weinstock, a self-taught historian, now in his 70s, who previously published studies about the Bund movement in Eastern Europe and Yiddish literature, decided to assume the task of chronicling the expulsion of the Jews from the Arab countries. The result is a book that was published in France in 2008 as “Une si longue présence: Comment le monde arabe a perdu ses Juifs, 1947-1967” (“A Very Long Presence: How the Arab World Lost Its Jews, 1947-1967)” and has now appeared in Hebrew (Babel Books; translated by Hagit Bat-Ada).</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">This is a very thorough, detailed, interesting and persuasive book, with more than 900 footnotes, and it is one of the first to deal in this context with the Jewish minority in Ottoman Palestine. Weinstock has mostly relied on secondary sources, but has also used some primary sources in French from the archives of the Alliance Israelite Universelle in Paris, for example.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">What makes Weinstock’s decision to write about the Jews’ expulsion from the Arab world especially surprising is his own political biography: He was one of the leading figures in the anti-Zionist left in France during the 1960s and ‘70s. From viewing Israel and Zionism as a colonial project aimed at dispossessing the Palestinians, Weinstock underwent a dramatic conceptual upheaval that led him to address a painful and rarely discussed aspect of the Arab-Israeli conflict.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">“This book is the story of a tragedy,” he writes in a special introduction to the Hebrew edition, “of the uprooting of hundreds of thousands of Mizrahi Jews, who were torn cruelly from their homes and homelands. Whole communities of Jews, who had always resided in the heart of the Arab-Muslim world, underwent expulsion, persecution and malicious liquidations… Nevertheless, this drama remains unknown and it has been denied for a lengthy period.”<pagebreak style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; box-sizing: inherit;"></pagebreak></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Weinstock, who was born in Antwerp in 1939, espoused anti-Zionist, pro-Palestinian views even before the 1967 Six-Day War. As such, he was invited, three weeks before the war’s outbreak, to speak to the Palestinian students’ union in Paris. The Paris correspondent of the Israeli newspaper Maariv, Uri Dan, reported about the event at the time: “Most depressing of all was the appearance of Nathan Weinstock, a Jew, who had a place of honor on the stage and delivered the keynote address… Weinstock was even more extreme than the Arabs in the abuse he hurled against Israel.”</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">In retrospect, Weinstock explains, that event showed him the degree to which he played the part of the “useful idiot” at the time. “I was thrilled when I got up to speak to the Palestinian students,” he told me. “Very naively, I was convinced that the Palestinian students would be happy to hear my pacifist message. So I was astonished when not one of them showed the least interest in what I said. Instead, they listened ecstatically to Radio Cairo, delighting in every word and swallowing the boastful announcements that the Arab armies would soon throw all the Jews into the sea.”</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">In 1969, Weinstock published “Zionism: False Messiah,” an anti-Zionist pamphlet (in French; an English translation came out a decade later) that quickly became the bible of anti-Israeli propaganda in France. Gradually, however, he says, he became aware of “the anti-Semitic nature of the blind assault on Israel. First, ‘the Zionists’ are condemned, then the ‘Zionist takeover’ of the media, and finally ‘Zionist world domination.’ When I was quoted, my criticism of the Palestinians, however minor, was always omitted. In the end, I understood that I had been used. My listeners took no interest whatsoever in me. For them, I was a Jewish alibi for their anti-Jewish posture.”</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">The straw that broke the camel’s back for Weinstock was the failure of the Camp David summit in 2000. “Once again the Palestinian leadership avoided taking responsibility,” he says. “The Palestinian leadership was cowardly, declining to tell their nation that one has to know when to conclude the struggle, because the central goal has been achieved.”</span></div>
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<em style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; box-sizing: inherit;"><span style="font-size: large;">How do you account for your polar reversal of position – from anti-Zionist guru of the radical left as a young man, to supporter of Israel today?</span></em></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">“In the 1960s I was under strong Trotskyite influence, and I took a doctrinaire approach to issues – not based on a genuine attempt to analyze them, but in order to adjust them to simplistic, pre-set positions. The radical left has not reconsidered that period, and in many senses sounds exactly the same today. When one looks at who supports the Palestinians in Europe – and it is clear that the Palestinians do indeed have rights that need to be addressed – one sees that they don’t care about anything else: not the Armenians, not the Cypriot-Greek issue, not what’s happening in Western Sahara. Only one thing interests them, and I cannot accept that.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">“We also need to remember,” he continues “that Israel took a self-righteous stance in that period, and it was very difficult to voice criticism about its behavior. In the meantime, a generation of ‘new historians’ sprang up in Israel, such as Benny Morris, who took a realistic view of history. As in every country, there are dark areas in Israel which need to be examined. But has there been any country in history without dark corners that were kept hidden? This process is underway in Israel today – but where are the Palestinian ‘new historians’? To emerge from the tangle, the Palestinians must show courage and choose the path of coexistence with the Israelis. This is a task that only they can perform for themselves.”<pagebreak style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; box-sizing: inherit;"></pagebreak></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">In 1945, Weinstock notes, almost one million Jews lived in the Arab world, whereas today there are about 4,500, the great majority of them in Morocco. According to Weinstock, there is no precedent for such a dramatic termination of Jewish communities anywhere in the world, including during the Holocaust. What, then, brought about the massive departure of Jews from the Arab countries? It was not Zionism that disconnected the Jews from their surroundings, he says. On the contrary: In most cases, the Zionist movement had a hard time mustering supporters. Jews also tried to become part of the Arab national-liberation movements. For example, the chief rabbi of Egypt during the mid-20th century, Chaim Nahum, often spoke out against Zionism; in Iraq, Jewish communists founded the Anti-Zionist League. Activist Jewish communists in North Africa expressed solidarity with the Maghreb peoples and were in the forefront of the demand for national liberation.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Weinstock cites a large number of attacks and pogroms against Jewish communities that are rarely mentioned in history curricula in Israel. In 1912, 12 Jews were killed in Shiraz, Iran, and 51 were killed that year in Fez, Morocco. In 1934, 25 Jews were killed in the Algerian city of Constantine.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">In Iraq, 150 Jews were murdered in the Farhud of 1941, a three-day pogrom. Seven years later, upon Israel’s establishment, Iraq declared martial law and launched a wave of anti-Jewish persecutions. Many Jews were arrested, tried and convicted, some were sentenced to death, others were given jail terms or slapped with large fines. At this stage, the Jews were forbidden to leave the country, but in March 1950 Iraq allowed the Jews to emigrate, provided they gave up their citizenship and their property.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">“The ongoing deterioration in the Jews’ situation and the atmosphere of hate surrounding them led to a mass flight from the country,” Weinstock writes.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">The majority of the Jewish population (90 percent of the community of 150,000) left that year, amid a massive plundering of their property by the authorities.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">In Egypt, anti-Jewish disturbances broke out in November 1945, on the anniversary of the Balfour Declaration, but the declaration of the State of Israel three years later triggered serious persecution. Hundreds of Jews were arrested, accused of involvement in Zionist or communist plots and had their property confiscated. Continuous attacks on Jews began that June. Bombs were planted in the Jewish quarter of Cairo, and it and the Jewish section of Alexandria were set ablaze. Half the country’s Jewish community left at that time, with the remainder being expelled during the Sinai War of 1956. The Jews who were driven out were not allowed to take with or sell their property.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">“The police arrived and pulled grocers, carpenters, woodworkers and glaziers – but also well-known lawyers – from their beds,” Weinstock writes.</span></div>
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<em style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; box-sizing: inherit;"><span style="font-size: large;">Is there anything in common among the different communities?</span></em></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">“Yes, in terms of the legal and social status that the Jews shared under Islamic rule. They possessed dhimmi status, meaning ‘protected person.’ It afforded the Jews the authorities’ protection, but at the same time placed them in an inferior position, humiliated and scorned. Jews were not allowed to bear arms in these countries, in which carrying a weapon was considered a salient sign of manhood. In some cases, as in early-19th-century Morocco, Jews were made to go about barefoot, or to wear humiliating clothes.”</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">In return for protection by the government, the Jews had to pay a special tax. “Nothing better describes the contempt entailed in the status of dhimmitude,” Weinstock writes, “than the ritual of humiliation that accompanied the annual payment of the subjugation tax in Morocco, as recently as the end of the 19th century. Every year, on a fixed date, the head of each Jewish community had to turn over the money to the sultan’s representative, who for his part had to slap [the Jew] or hit him with a stick in order to hammer home the inequality between giver and recipient, by nature of their birth.”</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">In Yemen, the “Latrines Ordinance,” introduced in the same spirit, obliged the Jewish community periodically to clean out cesspools and clear away animal carcasses that blocked public roads. (The law remained in force until 1950.)</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Weinstock describes a very different state of affairs from the oft-voiced myth about the harmonious relations between Jews and Arabs under Islamic rule. Less than 100 years after the Ottoman sultan invited the exiles from Spain to settle throughout his empire, for example, one of his descendants, Murat III, ordered “the liquidation of all the Jews.” The sultan’s Jewish physician persuaded his mother to intercede, and the order was rescinded.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Over the years, numerous laws were enacted that discriminated against the Jews – from a prohibition against horseback riding to the necessity of wearing particular clothing, and from a ban on giving testimony in court to a prohibition against building homes over a certain height.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">At the same time, Weinstock notes, the laws were not enforced identically in every place and in every period. For example, a study of the Cairo Geniza documents, which date back to the ninth century, shows that the clothing regulations were not observed at all.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">“There were periods in which the Jews succeeded very well in the Muslim world,” Weinstock says. “At times they were part of the elite. The dhimmi regulations and the scale of humiliation also differed from place to place and from one period to another. But the central axis that dictated the attitude toward the Jews was their dhimmi status, which meant subjugation to the ruling Muslim group.”<pagebreak style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; box-sizing: inherit;"></pagebreak></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Weinstock quotes a Moroccan sultan saying in the mid-19th century: “Our glorious religion grants them only marks of opprobrium and inferiority.”</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Weinstock also examines the situation in the Holy Land through the dhimmi prism. The Jewish minority that lived under Ottoman rule experienced humiliation and subordination, he says. Anti-Jewish riots were fomented time and again in the 18th and 19th centuries. He quotes the British consul in Palestine as writing in 1831 that the extortion and acts of suppression against the Jews were so numerous that it was said “that the Jews have to pay even for the air they breathe.”</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">In the twilight of Ottoman rule, a century ago, the first “Hebrew city” was founded (present-day Tel Aviv), a revival of the Hebrew language began to be felt, and Jewish cooperative farming settlements were established. The local Arab population, Weinstock says, felt that the ground was being pulled from under it, as the dhimmi Jews, who were supposed to possess inferior status, were now striving for more – even for independence.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">According to Weinstock, underlying the growing hostility toward the Jewish population in Palestine was the realization that the dhimmi Jews were shaking off their traditional legal status of humiliation and submission. In retrospect, the writer maintains, dhimmi status, on the one hand, and the declared attempt by the Zionist movement to be free of it, on the other, led ultimately to the Arabs’ rejection of the United Nations partition plan in 1947 and to the War of Independence the following year.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Local Palestinians and the Arab world refused to grant the Jews of the country a status different from dhimmi, and they were even less likely to recognize the Jews’ national rights. Zionism, for its part, could not accept Arab sovereignty over all of Palestine, a situation in which the Jewish minority would again find itself under dhimmi status. “Historically, then,” Weinstock says, “dhimmi status is the root of the conflict.”</span></div>
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<em style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; box-sizing: inherit;"><span style="font-size: large;">What impact does this relationship have today?</span></em></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">“It continues to affect Israeli-Arab relations even today, because in Arab eyes the Jew who now lives in Israel is the same Jew whom they customarily saw as humiliated – and who is now taking his revenge. The Arabs experience Israel’s establishment and existence to this day as very painful revenge and as the reversal of dhimmitude. This is a very meaningful and deep aspect of the current political problem, which we cannot allow ourselves to ignore. Without understanding this, it is impossible to understand the conflict.”</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Then why is it not dealt with more by academics and the press?</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">“For the Jewish world, the reason is that Ashkenazi Jews, in Israel and elsewhere, continue to be indifferent to and even disdainful of the Mizrahi Jews. For the Arab world, this should come as no surprise, as self-criticism is not popular among Arab journalists, intellectuals and public-opinion leaders. With the exception of a very short incidental note by [the late Prof.] Edward Said in one of his books, it is hard to find serious references to the massive emigration of Jews from the Arab countries and its causes.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">“The left tends to avoid the subject, because they don’t consider it ‘kosher.’ The left has become extraordinarily dogmatic and lacks the ability of self-criticism today. People define themselves as identifying with ‘the Palestinian cause,’ and that’s all: There is no thought behind it. This subject might upset their one-sided worldview, so they simply avoid it.</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="color: #20124d;"><b style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Verdana, Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 18.915px;">Some local history</b><br style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Verdana, Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 18.915px;" /><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Verdana, Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 18.915px;">I have often said here that I regard the </span><a href="http://www.mfa.gov.il/MFA/History/Modern+History/Centenary+of+Zionism/Lexicon+of+Zionism.htm#disturb" style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Verdana, Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 18.915px;">Arab uprising</a><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Verdana, Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 18.915px;"> in British mandate Palestine between the years of 1936 and 1939 as the real first Intifada. Here is a photograph of houses of Jewish residents on the outskirts of Tel Aviv destroyed by Arabs from Jaffa during the outbreak of disturbances in 1936.</span><br style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Verdana, Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 18.915px;" /><img alt="Tel Aviv 1936" border="0" src="http://imshin.blogspot.com/images/Tel%20Aviv%201936.jpg" style="border: 1px solid rgb(85, 136, 102); font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Verdana, Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 18.915px; margin: 0px 0px 5px; padding: 4px;" /><br style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Verdana, Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 18.915px;" /><br style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Verdana, Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 18.915px;" /><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Verdana, Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 18.915px;">Before 1948, a lot of Jews lived in Jaffa. During the fighting that followed the UN decision of November 1947 to divide British mandate Palestine between its Jewish and Arab inhabitants, the Jews of Jaffa had to flee to neighboring Tel Aviv, which was also under Arab attack. Here is a photograph of a tent camp that was erected to house the Jewish refugees.</span><br style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Verdana, Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 18.915px;" /><img alt="Tel Aviv 1948" border="0" src="http://imshin.blogspot.com/images/jewish%20refugees%20from%20jaffa%201948.jpg" style="border: 1px solid rgb(85, 136, 102); font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Verdana, Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 18.915px; margin: 0px 0px 5px; padding: 4px;" /><br style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Verdana, Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 18.915px;" /><br style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Verdana, Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 18.915px;" /><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Verdana, Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 18.915px;">Both photographs are from the </span><a href="http://147.237.72.31/topsrch/default.htm" style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Verdana, Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 18.915px;">Israeli National Photo Collection</a></span></span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; color: #20124d;"><b style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Verdana, Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 18.915px;">Losing</b><br style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Verdana, Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 18.915px;" /><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Verdana, Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 18.915px;">On the 29th November 1947, the UN General Assembly adopted a plan to divide British mandate Palestine between its two main groups of inhabitants at the time – Arabs and Jews. Although both groups felt that the details of the plan were unjust, each group reacted very differently. The Jews reacted by celebrating, believing that less than what they thought they deserved was better than nothing at all; the Arabs reacted by attacking the Jews, refusing to even consider compromise. </span><br style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Verdana, Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 18.915px;" /><br style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Verdana, Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 18.915px;" /><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Verdana, Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 18.915px;">A terrible, bloody war ensued. Its result was that the Jews got their state. They also got part of the land that the UN had destined for the Arab inhabitants, many of whom had fled, if not involved in the fighting. The rest of the part of the country destined for the Arabs was conquered by their brethren, neighboring Arab states that had marched in ostensibly to get rid of the Jews for them, and had stayed on - Jordan in the east; Egypt in the south west. The Arab inhabitants of British mandate Palestine were left with nothing at all.</span><br style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Verdana, Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 18.915px;" /><br style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Verdana, Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 18.915px;" /><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Verdana, Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 18.915px;">We tend to get angry at the repetitive Palestinian victim narrative, but we shouldn’t really. It’s just sad. They’re stuck in this self-destructive blame game. It leads them nowhere. No, it does lead them somewhere. It leads them spiraling further and further downwards. </span><br style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Verdana, Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 18.915px;" /><br style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Verdana, Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 18.915px;" /><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Verdana, Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 18.915px;">The reason Zionism survived 1921 and 1929 and 1936 and 1939 and 1948 and 1967 and 1973 and 1987 and 2000 etc etc etc, was that Zionism was about the future, about building, about creativity, about putting the past behind us, about doing something new and better while making the best of some very bad situations, about forgiving, about moving on, about not looking back in anger. </span><br style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Verdana, Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 18.915px;" /><br style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Verdana, Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 18.915px;" /><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Verdana, Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 18.915px;">Because anger paralyzes you. Then it kills you.</span><br style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Verdana, Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 18.915px;" /><br style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Verdana, Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 18.915px;" /><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Verdana, Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 18.915px;">With all the cynicism of this day and age, I believe Zionism is still going strong, un-cool as this may sound, and what’s more, it’s still about all those things. It’s not about the Babylonians, and it’s not about the Greeks, and it’s not about the Romans, and it’s not about the Spanish Inquisition, or Martin Luther or the Cossacks or the Nazis or the fedayeen or terrorism (this list goes on and on). It’s about </span><i style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Verdana, Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 18.915px;">us</i><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Verdana, Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 18.915px;">and doing our best for today and for tomorrow.</span><br style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Verdana, Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 18.915px;" /><br style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Verdana, Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 18.915px;" /><digression style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Verdana, Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 18.915px;">Yes, you’re right. We do tend to wallow in the Holocaust, among other things. But we mustn’t forget that back in the nineteen fifties, just a few years after the fact, our leaders bravely decided that now there was a new Germany, and they publicly created a new dialogue and a new relationship with this Germany and quite a warm one at that. There was a great deal of angry public debate on the Israeli street about this issue at the time, but they did not back down, those tough leaders who made this country a reality, and now we take it for granted.<br />I’m so grateful we didn’t get stuck in the Holocaust. I’m so grateful we took the horror and devastation and built ourselves a brave new world out of the ruins. And there were quite a few other things we didn’t get stuck in, as well.</digression><br style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Verdana, Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 18.915px;" /><br style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Verdana, Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 18.915px;" /><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Verdana, Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 18.915px;">The minute the Palestinians, as a people, can put their anger and their indignation and their victimization behind them, and start building, the sky’s the limit. They’re every bit as capable as we were, are. And they’re lucky enough to have the whole world rooting for them. That’s a damn sight more than we ever had.</span><br style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Verdana, Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 18.915px;" /><br style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Verdana, Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 18.915px;" /><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Verdana, Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 18.915px;">And do you know what? I bet you any money, the minute it happens, when it really happens, even with all our past disappointment in them, even with all our pain and all our dead, seventy percent of Israelis, if not more, if not far more, will be there at the sidelines, cheering them on, ready to lend a helping hand if asked, and if I know my fellow countrymen and women, if </span><i style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Verdana, Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 18.915px;">not</i><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Verdana, Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 18.915px;"> asked, as well. (Maybe that’s part of the problem. We tend to rub their noses in it, even when we really don’t mean to.) </span><br style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Verdana, Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 18.915px;" /><br style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Verdana, Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 18.915px;" /><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Verdana, Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 18.915px;">We’re not perfect, far from it, but at least we’re trying.</span></span><br />
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Jewish refugees from Arab lands</h2>
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<span style="color: blue;">Don’t forget what we lost, too</span></h3>
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Compensation for Jews pushed out of Arab lands may become yet another issue</h1>
</hgroup><aside class="floatleft light-grey" style="color: #7b7b73; float: left; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22px; margin: 0px 15px 10px 0px !important;"><time class="date-created" datetime="2014-02-15T00:00:00+0000" itemprop="dateCreated" style="font-size: 1.2rem; line-height: 1.6rem;">Feb 15th 2014 </time>| <span class="location" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; font-size: 1.2rem; line-height: 1.6rem; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-transform: uppercase; vertical-align: baseline;">JERUSALEM</span> | <a class="source" href="http://www.economist.com/printedition/2014-02-15" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; color: #7b7b73; font-size: 1.2rem; line-height: 1.6rem; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 3px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">From the print edition</a></aside><br />
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MUCH as Palestinian refugees and their offspring remember the orange groves and cinemas they lost in Jaffa when Israel was born in 1948, Jews who once lived in Iraq recite the <em class="Italic" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; font-size: 15px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">qasidas</em>—lyrical Arabic poetry—and recall the time when most of Iraq’s banks and transport companies were run by Jews. “Iraq has gone downhill since they forced us out,” sighs a professor at a gathering of academics of Iraqi origin at Or Yehuda, a Tel Aviv suburb, slipping into Arabic. “<em class="Italic" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; font-size: 15px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Mubki</em>, lamentable.”</div>
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American officials are unclear on the subject of whether they have formally raised the issue of Jews driven out of Arab lands as part of their proposed framework to establish an international fund to compensate Palestinians who fled the new state of Israel in 1948. But leaders of Israel’s Sephardic Jews (most of whom came from Arab lands) criticise their own negotiators for not raising the issue more forcefully.</div>
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<span style="font-size: 1.5rem; line-height: 2.3rem;"><br />Tzipi Livni, Israel’s chief negotiator, an Ashkenazi, fears that adding such topics could complicate to distraction efforts to resolve matters arising from Israel’s occupation of the Gaza Strip and the West Bank after the six-day Arab-Israeli war of 1967. For some Israelis, that may be just the idea. Binyamin Netanyahu, Israel’s prime minister, has repeatedly raised the issue, apparently to offset any claims for compensation from the Palestinians uprooted in 1948, 750,000 of whom fled abroad and 150,000 of whom were displaced within what became Israel. Mr Netanyahu’s ministry for senior citizens has opened a hotline for claimants to register lost property in the Arab and Muslim world (including Turkey and Iran), which, campaigners argue, will exceed the price-tag of between $20 billion and $100 billion which Israeli officials privately put on Palestinian claims.</span>“Why does Israel ask for compensation for Holocaust victims but not for the Jews from the Arab world?” asks Levana Zamir, leader of an association for Egyptian Jews in Israel. “Because our leaders are Ashkenazi [European Jews], and we are Mizrahim [Orientals],” she says. “We had another kind of Shoah [Holocaust]. A million Jews [from Arab lands] lost everything.”</div>
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Palestinians are as skeptical as Ms Livni about recognizing a Jewish <em class="Italic" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; font-size: 15px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">nakba </em>(or catastrophe, the word Palestinians use to describe what happened in 1948). It would merely add more knots, they say, to the tangle of negotiations. In any event, Israel’s Zionist leaders promoted the idea of Jews finding their real home, thus never considering them refugees. To bolster their fledgling state, they sent agents from Mossad, their foreign intelligence service, to “ingather” Jews with airlifts from the Arab world. Fearing another post-war slaughter, Zionist spokesmen campaigned for “their quick transfer…to the new Jewish state”, as the <em class="Italic" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; font-size: 15px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">New York Times</em> reported at the time.</div>
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Despite the complications, though, a compensation scheme for Israel’s Mizrahim could give the negotiations a political boost. Making up an estimated 55% of Israeli Jews, Mizrahim have tended to vote for right-wing parties loth to cut a deal that would bring about a Palestinian state, partly because they still harbor grievances over their own dispossession after 1948. Turning them into stakeholders could raise the number of Israelis voting for a settlement in a referendum. “Of course, we would support it, if our rights are recognised,” says Shmuel Moreh, an Iraqi-born professor of Arabic literature at Israel’s Hebrew University, who forsook his Baghdad home laden with silver chandeliers for a tent in Or Yehuda, when the suburb was just a muddy camp for Jewish exiles.</div>
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Compensation for Jewish as well as Arab victims of Israel’s creation could also help pave a way to Israel’s normalization with the Arab world, says Ehud Eiran, an Israeli academic, just as Germany’s compensation scheme for Holocaust victims improved Israel’s relations with Europe.</div>
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<a class="source" href="http://www.economist.com/printedition/2014-02-15" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; color: #7b7b73; font-size: 1.2rem; line-height: 1.6rem; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 3px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">From the print edition: Middle East and Africa</a><br />
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850,000 JEWISH REFUGEES EXPELLED FROM ARAB COUNTRIES & RESETTLED IN ISRAEL THEIR ANCIENT & PRESENT HOMELAND </div>
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<span style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: FreightSans-Book, Arial, sans-serif;"><br style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; box-sizing: inherit;" /></span>Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03548930328958735839noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6445230771985640972.post-82160345002684112052015-07-29T17:50:00.004-07:002015-07-29T17:50:50.185-07:00Let me share with you 15 Beautiful Pictures of Tel-Aviv:<br />
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<span style="color: blue;">Let me share with you 15 Beautiful Pictures of Tel-Aviv:</span></h3>
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<img alt="" class="alignnone" height="564" src="http://www.localyoo.com/imgs/site/ntext/TelAvivSkyline.jpg" style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; height: auto; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; width: 470px;" width="850" /><br /><img alt="" class="alignnone" height="561" src="http://www.localyoo.com/imgs/site/ntext/TelAvivCity.jpg" style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; height: auto; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; width: 470px;" width="850" />All images by <a href="http://www.localyoo.com/experts/noam-chen" style="border: 0px; color: #346f99; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Noam Chen</a> – A gifted photographer and one of<a href="http://www.localyoo.com/" style="border: 0px; color: #346f99; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">LocalYoo’s</a> local experts.</div>
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Tel Aviv shoreline is outstanding and diverse – full of contrasts. When you look north, you see in front of you a modern shiny city full of Skyscrapers:<br /><img alt="" class="alignnone" height="560" src="http://www.localyoo.com/imgs/site/ntext/TelAvivNorth.jpg" style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; height: auto; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; width: 470px;" width="850" /></div>
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But when you turn your head south, you find ancient picturesque Jaffa with its bay and port:<br /><img alt="" class="alignnone" height="570" src="http://www.localyoo.com/imgs/site/ntext/TelAvivSouth.jpg" style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; height: auto; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; width: 470px;" width="850" /></div>
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Sometimes the sunsets are romantic and happy – like in California…<br /><img alt="" class="alignnone" height="567" src="http://www.localyoo.com/imgs/site/ntext/TelAvivSunset1.jpg" style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; height: auto; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; width: 470px;" width="850" /></div>
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Makes you want to go fishing:<br /><img alt="" class="alignnone" height="567" src="http://www.localyoo.com/imgs/site/ntext/TelAvivSunset2.jpg" style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; height: auto; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; width: 470px;" width="850" /></div>
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But sometimes as the sun disappears, it seems like the world is coming to an end…<br /><img alt="" class="alignnone" height="551" src="http://www.localyoo.com/imgs/site/ntext/TelAvivSunset3.jpg" style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; height: auto; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; width: 470px;" width="850" /></div>
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When evening comes – Hayarkon Park seems so peaceful and quiet:<br /><img alt="" class="alignnone" height="559" src="http://www.localyoo.com/imgs/site/ntext/TelAvivYarkonPark.jpg" style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; height: auto; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; width: 470px;" width="850" /></div>
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While just a few meters away, everyone are dashing in a rush:<br /><img alt="" class="alignnone" height="544" src="http://www.localyoo.com/imgs/site/ntext/TelAvivAyalon.jpg" style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; height: auto; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; width: 470px;" width="850" /></div>
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And if you’ll visit the same Yarkon Park early in the morning you would be surprised to see it foggy and mysterious, as if it was taken straight from the “Hound of the Baskervilles” by Arthur Conan Doyle…<br /><img alt="" class="alignnone" height="565" src="http://www.localyoo.com/imgs/site/ntext/TelAvivYarkonParkEarlyMorning.jpg" style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; height: auto; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; width: 470px;" width="900" /></div>
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But don’t be alarmed, a few hours later it will look like that again:<br /><img alt="" class="alignnone" height="567" src="http://www.localyoo.com/imgs/site/ntext/TelAvivYarkonPark2.jpg" style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; height: auto; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; width: 470px;" width="850" /></div>
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Tel Aviv is the city of a new generation:<br /><img alt="" class="alignnone" height="549" src="http://www.localyoo.com/imgs/site/ntext/TelAvivNewGeneration.JPG" style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; height: auto; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; width: 470px;" width="850" /></div>
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A vibrant city:<br /><img alt="" class="alignnone" height="537" src="http://www.localyoo.com/imgs/site/ntext/TelAvivIndependence.jpg" style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; height: auto; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; width: 470px;" width="850" /></div>
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Yet, a modern one:<br /><img alt="" class="alignnone" height="567" src="http://www.localyoo.com/imgs/site/ntext/TelAvivModernCity.jpg" style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; height: auto; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; width: 470px;" width="850" /></div>
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It’s My city <img alt=":)" class="wp-smiley" src="http://blogs.timesofisrael.com/wp-includes/images/smilies/simple-smile.png" style="background: none !important; border: none !important; box-shadow: none !important; display: inline !important; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; height: 1em; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px 0.07em !important; max-height: 1em; outline: none; padding: 0px !important; vertical-align: -0.1em !important; width: 1em !important;" /><br /><img alt="" class="alignnone" height="551" src="http://www.localyoo.com/imgs/site/ntext/TelAvivModernCity2.jpg" style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; height: auto; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; width: 470px;" width="850" /></div>
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See you in Tel-Aviv soon !</div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03548930328958735839noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6445230771985640972.post-34237180200905357242015-07-29T17:47:00.000-07:002015-07-29T17:47:02.663-07:00Rabbi Joe Katz Middle East Religious and Political History Analyst<br />
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<tr><td width="32"><span style="font-family: Arial;"><br /></span></td><td><ul>
<li><span style="font-family: Arial;"><a href="http://eretzyisroel.org/~jkatz/index.html">Rabbi Joe Katz</a></span></li>
<span style="font-family: Arial;"><i>Middle East Religious and Political History Analyst</i><br /> </span>
<li><span style="font-family: Arial;"><a href="http://eretzyisroel.org/~samuel/index.html">Fact and Fantasy in the Middle East</a></span></li>
<span style="font-family: Arial;"><i>Samuel Katz</i><br /> </span>
<li><span style="font-family: Arial;"><a href="http://eretzyisroel.org/~peters/index.html">The Origins of the Arab-Jewish Conflict Over Palestine</a></span></li>
<span style="font-family: Arial;"><i>Joan Peters</i><br /> </span>
<li><span style="font-family: Arial;"><a href="http://eretzyisroel.org/~dhershkowitz/index.html">Photos of the Holy Land</a></span></li>
<span style="font-family: Arial;"><i>A photographic tour of the Holy Land 1831-1910</i><br /> </span>
<li><span style="font-family: Arial;"><a href="http://www.jpress.org.il/publications/ppost-en.asp">"Palestine Post" (1932-1950) Online</a></span></li>
<span style="font-family: Arial;"><i>Photos and scanable index of the newspaper </i><br /> </span>
<li><span style="font-family: Arial;"><span>Breaking News </span></span></li>
<span style="font-family: Arial;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: Arial;"><span><a href="http://www.israelnationalnews.com/News/AllFlashes.aspx">Israel National News</a> <i>(Arutz-7 headlines)</i></span></span><span style="font-family: Arial;"><a href="http://yeshanews.com/">Yesha News</a><i> (pro-settlement, hebrew)</i></span><span style="font-family: Arial;"><span><a href="http://www.jpost.com/middleeast/Home.aspx">The Jerusalem Post</a> <i>(world's top English-language daily newspaper)</i></span></span><span style="font-family: Arial;"><span><a href="http://www.haaretz.com/news">Haaretz Breaking News</a> <i>(anti-religious, anti-settler, primary source of many biased anti-Israel reports which are later printed in Al Jazeera, Al-Arabiya, Press TV, The Muslim News, The Electronic Intifada, etc)</i></span></span><span style="font-family: Arial;"><span><a href="http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world/middle_east/">BBC News | Middle East</a> <i>(very pro-Arab)</i></span></span><span style="font-family: Arial;"><span><a href="http://edition.cnn.com/MIDDLEEAST">CNN.com - World Regions: Middle East</a> <i>(biased pro-Arab)</i></span></span><span style="font-family: Arial;"><span><a href="http://www.nytimes.com/pages/aponline/world/index.html">News Index From AP Online</a></span></span><span style="font-family: Arial;"><span><a href="http://www.nytimes.com/pages/reuters/world/index.html">International Index From Reuters</a></span><br /> </span>
<li><span style="font-family: Arial;">News & Analysis</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"><a href="http://www.spj.org/ethicscode.asp"><br /></a><a href="http://www.israelnationalnews.com/">Israel National News</a> <i>(Arutz-7, Israel's award-winning news team for breaking news, analysis, Israeli politics)</i></span><span style="font-family: Arial;"><a href="http://www.jta.org/">Jewish Telegraphic Agency</a></span><span style="font-family: Arial;"><a href="http://www.idf.il/1283-en/Dover.aspx">Israel Army Website - News</a></span><span style="font-family: Arial;"><a href="http://www.jmcc.org/">Jerusalem Media & Communication Centre</a></span><span style="font-family: Arial;"><br /></span></li>
<span style="font-family: Arial;"><a href="http://www.israelbehindthenews.com/">Israel Resource Review</a></span><span style="font-family: Arial;"><i> (News items and analysis not seen in standard media)</i></span><span style="font-family: Arial;"><a href="http://www.menewsline.com/">Middle East Newsline</a><i> (Steve Rodan, former top military reporter for JPost)</i></span><span style="font-family: Arial;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: Arial;"><a href="http://www.israelnewsagency.com/">Israel News Agency</a><i> (Joel Leyden, international public relations, crisis communications, journalist)</i></span><span style="font-family: Arial;"><a href="http://www.israpundit.com/"><span class="ugc"></span></a></span><span style="font-family: Arial;"><i><span class="ugc"></span></i></span><a href="http://www.onejerusalem.org/"><span style="font-family: Arial;"><i><span class="ugc"><br /></span></i></span></a><span style="font-family: Arial;"><a href="http://www.jerusalemonline.com/"><span class="ugc"></span></a></span><span style="font-family: Arial;"><a href="http://www.onejerusalem.org/">Israel News & Analysis</a></span><span style="font-family: Arial;"><a href="http://www.jerusalemonline.com/"><span class="ugc">JerusalemOnline</span></a><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null"> <i>– Daily Video News from Israel</i></a><i><span class="ugc"><br /></span></i></span><span style="font-family: Arial;"><a href="http://www.debka.com/">DEBKAfile, Political Analysis, Espionage, Terrorism Security</a></span><span style="font-family: Arial;"><i><br /></i></span><span style="font-family: Arial;"><span><a href="http://www.wnd.com/">WorldNetDaily -- A Free Press for a Free People</a><br /> </span></span>
<li><span style="font-family: Arial;"><span>Arab Views towards Israel</span></span></li>
<span style="font-family: Arial;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: Arial;"><a href="http://www.memri.org/">The Middle East Media and Research Institute</a><i> (MEMRI)</i></span><span style="font-family: Arial;"><a href="http://www.imra.org.il/">Independent Media Review and Analysis</a><i> (IMRA)</i></span><span style="font-family: Arial;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20070823101513/http://www.edume.org/">Center for Monitoring Imapact of Peace</a><i> (CMIP, PA Textbooks)</i><br /><a href="http://www.impact-se.org/">Institute for Monitoring Peace and Cultural Tolerance in School Ediucation</a></span><span style="font-family: Arial;"><a href="http://www.israelbehindthenews.com/">Israel Resource Review</a><i> (IRW, Analysis of Arab Press)</i></span><span style="font-family: Arial;"><span><a href="http://www.pmw.org.il/">Palestinian Media Watch</a><i> (PMW, Analysis of Arab Press)</i><br /><a href="http://www.ourjerusalem.com/arabpress">Our Jerusalem - Review of Arab Press</a></span><br /> </span>
<li><span style="font-family: Arial;"><span>Islamism & Terrorism</span></span></li>
<span style="font-family: Arial;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: Arial;"><span><a href="http://www.ict.org.il/">International Institute for Counter-Terrorism</a><i> (ICT)</i></span></span><span style="font-family: Arial;"><span><a href="http://www.iris.org.il/">Information Regarding Israel's Security</a><i> (IRIS)</i></span></span><span style="font-family: Arial;"><span><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20050901125830/http://www.terrorvictims.com/">Terror Victims Association Home Page</a><i> (TVA)</i></span></span><span style="font-family: Arial;"><span><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20040729154412/http://hraic.org/">Human Rights Abuses in Islamic Countries</a></span></span><span style="font-family: Arial;"><span> <i>(HRAIC)</i></span></span><a href="http://www.har-habayt.org/whats.html"><span style="font-family: Arial;"><br /></span></a><span style="font-family: Arial;"><span><a href="http://www.echad.info/templemount/">Temple Mount Archeological Destruction</a></span><br /></span>
<li><span style="font-family: Arial;"><span>Diplomatic Policy</span></span></li>
<span style="font-family: Arial;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: Arial;"><span><a href="http://www.acpr.org.il/">Ariel Center for Policy Research</a><i> (ACPR)</i></span></span><span style="font-family: Arial;"><span><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20120713013442/http://www.foundation1.org/">Foundation for Constitutional Democracy</a> <i>(FCD, Israeli gov critique)</i></span></span><span style="font-family: Arial;"><span><a href="http://www.aipac.org/">American Israel Public Affairs Committees</a><i> (AIPAC)</i></span></span><span style="font-family: Arial;"><span><a href="http://www.adl.org/">Anti Defamation Leage</a><i> (ADL)</i></span></span><span style="font-family: Arial;"><span><a href="http://www.israel.org/mfa">Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs</a><i> (MFA)</i></span></span><span style="font-family: Arial;"><span><a href="http://www.icej.org/">International Christian Embassy Jerusalem</a><i> (ICEJ)</i></span></span><span style="font-family: Arial;"><span><a href="http://www.jcpa.org/">Jerusalem Center for Public Affairs</a><i> (JCPA)</i></span></span><span style="font-family: Arial;"><span><a href="http://www.meforum.org/">Middle East Forum</a> <i>(MEF, think tank)</i></span></span><span style="font-family: Arial;"><span><a href="http://www.fmep.org/">Foundation for Middle East Peace</a><i> (FMEP, anti-settlement)</i></span></span><span style="font-family: Arial;"><span><a href="http://www.state.gov/r/pa/prs/dpb/index.htm">U.S. State Department</a><i> (daily briefings)</i></span></span><span style="font-family: Arial;"><span><a href="http://mondediplo.com/">French Government</a><i> (Le Monde Diplomatique English)</i></span></span><span style="font-family: Arial;"><span><a href="http://domino.un.org/UNISPAL.NSF">UN Information System on the Question of Palestine</a><i> (UNISPAL)</i></span></span><span style="font-family: Arial;"><span><a href="http://www.medea.be/">European Institute for Research on Mediterranean and Euro-Arab Cooperation</a><i>(MEDEA)</i></span><br /> </span>
<li><span style="font-family: Arial;"><span>Opinion</span></span></li>
<span style="font-family: Arial;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: Arial;"><a href="http://www.danielpipes.org/">Daniel Pipes</a> <i>(Head of MEF, Analysis of Radical Islam and the Middle East)</i></span><span style="font-family: Arial;"><a href="http://stevenplaut.blogspot.co.il/">Steven Plaut</a><i> (Prof. at Haifa Univ)</i></span><span style="font-family: Arial;"><a href="http://www.israpundit.com/">IsraPundit</a></span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> <i>(Ted Belman, News and Views on Israel, the Middle East, the war on terror and the clash of civilizations</i></span><a href="http://www.freeman.org/MOL/"><span style="font-family: Arial;"><i><br /></i></span></a><span style="font-family: Arial;"><a href="http://www.freeman.org/MOL/">Maccabean Online</a> (<i>Political Analysis and Commentary on Israeli and Jewish Affairs)</i></span><span style="font-family: Arial;"><a href="http://www.mideasttruth.com/">Middle East Truth</a></span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> <i>(</i></span><span style="font-family: Arial;"><i>Middle East, The Israeli-Palestinian conflict and the international terror networks)</i></span><a href="http://www.hebron.org.il/"><span style="font-family: Arial;"><i><span class="ugc"><br /></span></i></span></a><span style="font-family: Arial;"><a href="http://www.israpundit.com/"><span class="ugc"></span></a><a href="http://www.jerusalemonline.com/"><span class="ugc"></span></a></span><span style="font-family: Arial;"><a href="http://www.hebron.org.il/">Jewish Community of Hebron</a></span><span style="font-family: Arial;"><a href="http://www.womeningreen.org/">Women in Green</a></span><span style="font-family: Arial;"><a href="http://www.likud.nl/">Likud of Holland / Likoed Nederland</a></span><span style="font-family: Arial;"><a href="http://www.ourjerusalem.com/">Jerusalem, Israel and the Arabs</a><i> (Dr. Irving Moskowitz)</i></span><span style="font-family: Arial;"><a href="http://www.standwithus.com/">StandWithUs.com</a></span><span style="font-family: Arial;"><span><a href="http://aish.com/israel">Aish HaTorah</a></span><br /></span>
<li><span style="font-family: Arial;"><span>Media Bias</span></span></li>
<span style="font-family: Arial;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: Arial;"><a href="http://www.spj.org/ethicscode.asp">Society of Professional Journalists: SPJ Code of Ethics</a><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propaganda#Cold_War_propaganda">Cold_War_propaganda</a><a href="http://www1.ucsc.edu/currents/terrorist_crisis/propaganda.html">Wartime Propaganda</a><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propaganda#Cold_War_propaganda"><br /></a><a href="http://www.israelnationalnews.com/"><br /></a></span><span style="font-family: Arial;"><span><a href="http://www.camera.org/">Committee for Accuracy in Middle East Reporting in America </a><i>(CAMERA)</i></span><br /><span><a href="http://www.seconddraft.org/">Second Draft: Review of (Middle Eastern) Journalism</a> <i>(Boston University history professor Richard Landes)</i><a href="http://www.honestreporting.com/">Honest Reporting: Promoting Media Accountability</a></span></span><span style="font-family: Arial;"><span><a href="http://www.imw.org.il/english/">Israel Media Watch [of Israeli Media]</a><i> (IMW)</i><a href="http://www.campus-watch.org/">Campus Watch</a><i> (Monitoring Middle East Studies on Campus)</i><i><br /></i></span></span><span style="font-family: Arial;"><br /></span>
<li><span style="font-family: Arial;"><span>Other neighboring nations affected by Islamic & Arab expansionism</span></span></li>
<span style="font-family: Arial;"><span><br /></span></span><span style="font-family: Arial;"><span><a href="http://www.ifimes.org/">International Institute for Middle East and Balkan Studies</a></span></span><span style="font-family: Arial;"><span><a href="http://www.atour.com/adm/">Assyrian Democratic Movement</a></span></span><span style="font-family: Arial;"><span><a href="http://www.aina.org/">Assyrian International News Agency</a></span></span><span style="font-family: Arial;"><span><a href="http://www.copts.com/">Copts.Com</a></span></span><span style="font-family: Arial;"><span><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20010202023500/http://wlo-usa.org/">The World Lebanese Organization</a></span></span><span style="font-family: Arial;"><span><a href="http://plaza.powersurfr.com/maronites/english_intro.html">Maronite Research Council</a></span></span><span style="font-family: Arial;"><span><a href="http://www.humanrights.de/~kurdweb/deportation/index.html">Kudistan web</a></span></span><span style="font-family: Arial;"><span>Indian, Indonesian and Afghanistan links <i>(</i></span></span><span style="font-family: Century Gothic;"><span style="font-family: MS Sans Serif; font-size: x-small;"><i>hraic.org or hraic.org.au has been forced offline</i>)</span></span></ul>
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Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03548930328958735839noreply@blogger.com0